dorothea meywomen in the european higher education area workshop gew 6. – 7. dec. 2007 1 women in...
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Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
1
Women in German Academia
1. Career paths of academic staff
2. Participation of women (and men) in German academia – trends and numbers
3. Measures taken and actions to carry out
4. European networking
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
2
Standard Career Pattern (Simplified)
Chair (W2/W3) „Extraordinary“ professorships
Lecturers
Private lecturers
Academic employees
6 Years Junior-professorship
Habilitation or equivalent qualification
Financing:
- Scientific staff- Research grants and
fellowships- Scholarships- Private financing
2 Years
Post-doc research
3 – 4 Years
Doctorate
5 – 6 Years
First qualification: Diploma, Master, Bachelor - Student assistant- Scholarships- Private financing
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
3
Development of male and female student numbers 1913 - 2004
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1913 1925 1935 1944 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998 2004
women
men
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Expansion of Academia and Participation of Women in 1965 – 1998 in Absolute Figures
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1965 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998
number of all academic staff
number of professorships
number of female staff
number of female professors
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Women‘s Share Across Different Academic Levels 1992 - 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Wo
me
n i
n % Graduates
Doctorate degrees
Habilitations
Professors
C4/W3-Professors
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Women‘s Share in New Professorships, 1997-2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Wo
me
n i
n %
Applications
Nominations
Chairs
Appointments
Habilitations
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Women Lost Along the Way (2005)“leaky pipeline”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
University entrancequalification holders
Students Doctorate degrees Habilitations Professors C4 / W3
Women in %
Men in %
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Retrospective Analysis All Subjects
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
New e
ntrants
198
6
Students
198
9
Gra
duates
1991 -
1993
Doctora
te d
egrees
199
5 - 1
997
Habili
tatio
ns 200
1 - 20
03
Profe
ssors
C2 /
C3 200
3 - 20
05
Profe
ssors
C4 /
W3 2
003 -
2005
Women in %
Men in %
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
9
Retrospective Analysis Linguistics and Cultural Studies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
New e
ntrants
198
6
Students
198
9
Gra
duates
1991 -
1993
Doctora
te d
egrees
199
5 - 1
997
Habili
tatio
ns 200
1 - 20
03
Profe
ssors
C2 /
C3 200
3 - 20
05
Profe
ssors
C4 /
W3 2
003 -
2005
Women in %
Men in %
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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(Historical) Barriers Impeding the Integration of Women Into Academia
• Profound division of labour• Historically, very high prestige and exclusiveness of academic
profession, especially professorships• Very late entry of women into higher education and academic
professions• Informal selection and co-opting mechanisms• A long and risky career ladder• Women are more likely to rely on non – regular financial support
while working on their doctorates and habilitations• Women are more likely to occupy inferior sectors of the academic
labour market• The traditional hierarchical system of university organisation
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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Trends in Favour of Women’s Access to Academia
• A growing female participation in the labour force in general• Feminist pressure• Affirmative actions and gender mainstreaming• A changing academic environment (more female mentors and
networks)• Stagnating interest of men in university studies and careers in a
shrinking public sector• Sinking attractiveness of science, decreasing distinctiveness of
academic profession
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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What is to be done
• Offer better solutions to combine work and family • Develop possibilities for double careers • PhD Thesis and examinations to be supervised by committees • Transparency: Obligation to formalize employment procedures -
external experts must be involved• Women’s share as a performance indicator for universities• Positive discrimination? Minimum quotas for women in academic staff• What about the trend towards headhunting? Would headhunting of
women be a solution?• Last but not least: Make science and working conditions more
attractive for women
Dorothea MEY Women in the European Higher Education AreaWorkshop GEW 6. – 7. Dec. 2007
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What is needed on a European Level
• Facilitate mobility of women: develop guest- and mentoring programs• Join existing European networks of women in science• Organize European recruiting systems in favour of female scientists