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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 12
Blood
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Blood
• Average adult body has 8-10 pints of blood
• Function of the blood– Transport
– Regulatory
– Protection
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Blood Composition
• Plasma
• Erythrocytes or red blood cells
• Leukocytes or white blood cells
• Thrombocytes or platelets
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Blood Plasma
• Straw colored
• Comprises about 55% of the blood volume
• Water– 92% of the total volume of plasma
• Plasma proteins– Fibrinogen
– Albumin
– Globulin
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Blood Plasma
• Nutrients
• Electrolytes
• Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes
• Metabolic waste products
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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• Hematopoiesis is the formation of all blood cells
• Occurs in the red bone marrow
• Certain lymphatic tissue produces some white blood cells
• Develop from stem cells
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Erythropoiesis
• The manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs)
• RBCs live about 120 days
• Process of development and breakdown
• Normal ranges
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Hemoglobin
• Erythrocytes contain a red pigment called hemoglobin
• Made of protein molecule called globin and an iron compound called heme
• Function of RBCs
• Normal ranges
• Hemolysis
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Called leukocytes
• Natural defense against injury and disease
• Types of leukocytes– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
• Diapedesis
• Normal ranges
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Types of WBCs – Granulocytes
• Made from cells called myeloblasts
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
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Types of WBCs – Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes– B-lymphocytes
– T-lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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Animation – The Blood
Click Here to play Blood animation
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Inflammation
• Occurs when living tissue is damaged in any way
• Signs and symptoms– Redness
– Local heat
– Swelling
– Pain
• The inflammatory process
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Thrombocytes (Blood Platelets)
• Function in the initiation of the blood-clotting process
• Normal ranges
• Blood-clotting or coagulation process is complex
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Coagulation
• Injury leads to release of serotonin and thromboplastin
• Prothrombin converts to thrombin
• Fibrinogen converts to fibrin
• Clot
• Clotting time norms
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Blood Types
• Types– A
– B
– AB
– O
• Antigens and antibodies
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Blood Types
• Agglutination
• Recipient and donor matching
• Universal donors
• RH factors
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Blood Norms
• Bleeding time
• Coagulation time
• Hemoglobin count
• Platelet count
• Prothrombin time
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Blood Norms
• Sedimentation rate
• Red blood cell count
• White blood cell count
• Cholesterol level
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Disorders of the Blood
• Anemia
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Pernicious anemia
• Aplastic anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
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Disorders of the Blood
• Cooley’s anemia
• Polycythemia
• Embolism
• Thrombosis
• Hematoma
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Disorders of the Blood
• Hemophilia
• Thombocytopenia
• Leukemia
• Septicemia
• Multiple myeloma
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Bone Marrow Transplants
• Autologous bone marrow transplant
• Allogenic bone marrow transplant– Identical twin
– Parent
– Unrelated
– Umbilical cord
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Bone Marrow Transplants
• Bone marrow transplant procedure
• Engraftment