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> An Agricultural Revolution> The Crusades> The Revival of Trade> The Rebirth of Towns> Birth of the University System
Renewal and Vitality
950-1250
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793 – 950 Chaos and Disorder in much of Europe
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Vikings looking for Danegold
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• Eventually these marauding raiders ended their pillaging & settled down in many areas of Europe including Normandy, Sicily, Sardinia, southern Italy and Kiev (Russia) and merged with the people.
• As the dust settled on the chaos and disorder, Europe slowly began to emerge with a new spirit.
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Feudalism -a 19th c. generic term used to decribe Europe from the 900's through the 1200's
Key Words:
Decentralization
Fragmentation
Vassal- liege Lord – Monarch (Sovereign)
Homage- Oath of Fealty
Investiture – Fief
Subinfeudation
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An Agricultural Revolution
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• Lords of the manors promoted expansion of cultivated land
• Higher agricultural production reduced the number of deaths caused by starvation and dietary disease…
• Grain surplus meant that some livestock could survive the winter increasing fresh meat, milk and manure…
• Population increased
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Benefits for the common man
• Peasants drained swamps, cleared forests and established new settlements
• Expansion contributed to the decline of serfdom- lords promised freedom from personal services in return for rent-in France in 1050-90% were serfs; by 1350 only 10% remained as serfs
• Surplus food and increased population freed people to work at non-farming occupations, making the expansion of trade possible.
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Cottage industries – “the putting out” system
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• Early entrepreneurs: the humble peddler
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Revival of trade
• End of Viking attacks
• Expanding agricultural production
• Increasing population
• Greater political stability
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The Crusades (1096-1291)
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The Crusades (1096 – 1291)
• 1095 Pope Urban II called for “a Holy War against the Infidels…” at the Council of Clermont
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Europe’s response:• Religious persons who
believed “God Wills It”• Christians desired
papal forgiveness• Nobles expected to
gain new lands• Merchants saw a
chance to make profits• Serfs sought to escape
feudal oppression • Adventurers who
welcomed travel and excitement
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The Crusaders States
• The 1st Crusade led by Godfrey of Bouillon
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After 200 years, …the Crusaders failed to take control of the Holy land but the
impact on Europe was life-changing:
• Broadened the European outlook
• Stimulated trade
• Strengthened the power of kings and weakened the nobility
• Weakened Serfdom
• Encouraged learning and scholarship
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A commercial revolution begins…
• Cities like Venice, Genoa and Pisa grew prosperous during the Crusades and after as increasing trade with Byzantine and Islamic worlds -silks, sugar, spices and dyes increased tremendously.
• Traveling International Fairs – Champagne• Large-scale enterprises on the Atlantic Ocean-
shared costs, reduced risks led to more profit-making opportunities
• Advances in business techniques- banking houses; credit; accounting books
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• Trade Fairs attracted buyers and sellers, merchants from distant places exchanged news, Entertainers and ordinary people
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Rebirth of towns and cities:
Towns were a revolutionary force- The town residents were “the new man” (middle class) in the social hierarchy
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Towns were granted charters of autonomy and
merchant and craft guilds evolved
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The secular needs of town life led to the birth of the University system
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The End