Durian
Flying fox
Smells Like Hell, Taste Like Heaven? – YouTube
Bizarre Foods (Asia) [part 6] LAST PART – YouTube
ANGRY BOB CONQUERS THE DURIAN FRUIT – YouTube
FRUIT BAT – YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FK9t
WT5pA4Flying fox bat fighting a Python – YouTub
ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=l
7K5dhiuYT4&feature=endscreen
Keystone Species in Tropical Forests
Mutualism
What is the niche of the flying fox?
What happens if the flying fox becomes extinct?
Key Concepts
Community structureCommunity structure
Roles of speciesRoles of species
Species interactionsSpecies interactions
Changes in ecosystemsChanges in ecosystems
Stability of ecosystemsStability of ecosystems
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Can be changed by three things:Latitude
Depth
Pollution
1. Latitude1. Latitude1. Latitude1. Latitude
Fig. 7-3 p. 142Fig. 7-3 p. 142
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
1,0001,000
100100
1010
LatitudeLatitude
80ºN80ºN 6060 4040 2020 00
200200
100100
0090ºN90ºN 6060 3030 00 30ºS30ºS 6060
LatitudeLatitude
http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/ecosystems/ecology.html
Depth Depth – diversity decreases with – diversity decreases with increasing ocean water depthincreasing ocean water depthCoral reefsCoastal areasOpen oceansDeep oceanHydrothermal vents
Number of individuals per diatom species
Nu
mb
er o
f d
iato
m s
pec
ies
Unpollutedstream
Pollutedstream
Fig. 7-4, p. 142
3. Pollution - Changes in Diversity and Abundance of Diatom Species
Community Structure
Physical appearanceSpecies diversity or richnessSpecies abundanceNiche structure
Parking lot community
High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Equilibrium number
Immigration and extinction rates
Number of species on island
(a)
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Fig. 7-5a, p. 143
C. Species Equilibrium Model
High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Small island
Effect of island size
Number of species on island
(b)
Large island
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Fig. 7-5b, p. 143
Effect of distance from mainland
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Far island
Number of species on island
Near island
Immigration(near island)
Immigration(far island)
Extinction
Fig. 7-5c, p. 143
Island biogeography animation
Click to view animation.
Area and distance effects interaction.
D. The Ecological Niche
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Niche - conditions and resources influence the maintenance, growth, and reproduction of organisms
practically it is not possible to describe all conditions and resources that influence an organism, so ecologist focus on the most important niche parameters.
for example: temperature may be the most important niche parameter for a plant growing at the northern limit of the range.
1. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
a. fundamental niche: the full range of conditions and resources that an organism could theoretically use in the absence of competition with other species.
b. realized niche: the portion of the fundamental niche that an organism actually occupies; actual range of conditions and resources that an organism uses.
2. Generalists vs. Specialists
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
a. generalists have broad niches;
b. specialists have narrow niches
Examples?
E. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of Species
1.1. Native speciesNative species – species that normally live and thrive in an ecosystem
2.2. Non-nativeNon-native species (exotic, alien, introduced) – species that migrate into ecosystem, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced by humans, some beneficial, others thrive and out-compete native species
General Types of Species cont’dGeneral Types of Species cont’da. Introduced speciesIntroduced species – see aboveb. b. Invasive speciesInvasive species – non-native species that
has become a pest Fire Ants
3. 3. Keystone speciesKeystone species – role is important, more so than their abundance or biomass
Flying Fox
4. 4. Indicator speciesIndicator species – serve as an early warning sign of damage to community or ecosystem.
Birds, insects, amphibians
sperm
Eggs
Sexualreproduction
Fertilized eggdevelopment
Organ formation
Egg hatches
Tadpole
TadpoledevelopsInto frog
Young frogAdult frog(3 years)
Fig. 7-6, p. 145
Life Cycle of a Frog-indicator species
F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition
a. Intraspecific competition
- same species
b. Interspecific competition
-diff. species same resource
a. Intraspecific competition
- same species
b. Interspecific competition
-diff. species same resource
Fig. 7-8, p. 148
Resource Partitioning of Warbler Species
Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. For example, specialized feeding niches of various birds of coastal wetland enable coexistenceof many species.
Fig. 9–4a
c. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization
Fig. 7-7, p. 147
Species interactions-Symbiosis
CompetitionPredationParasitismMutualismCommensalism
ResearchPredationParasitismMutualismCommensalismInvasive speciesNative speciesIndicator speciesKeystone species
Click to view animation.
f. Competitive Exclusion Principlef. Competitive Exclusion Principle
Gause's competition experiment interaction.
2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation
PredatorPredator PredatorPredator
PreyPrey PreyPrey
c. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 types
d. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidance
e. Defensee. Defensee. Defensee. Defense
Avoiding or Defending Against PredatorsAvoiding or Defending Against Predators
Escape Escape Senses Senses Armor Armor Camouflage Camouflage
Chemical warfare Chemical warfare
Warning coloration Warning coloration
Mimicry Mimicry
Safety in numbers Safety in numbers
Behavioral strategies Behavioral strategies
Avoidance Defense
Both
Span worm Bombardier beetle
Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
p. 169How Species Avoid Predators
3. Species Interactions: Parasitism 3. Species Interactions: Parasitism
ParasiteParasite ParasiteParasite
HostHost HostHost
Dangers of parasitesDangers of parasites Dangers of parasitesDangers of parasites
Importance of parasitesImportance of parasites Importance of parasitesImportance of parasites
4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism
Pollination Pollination Pollination Pollination Nutritional Nutritional Nutritional Nutritional Gut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsProtectionProtectionRhizobiumRhizobium and legumes and legumes
ProtectionProtectionRhizobiumRhizobium and legumes and legumes
a.a. ExamplesExamplesa.a. ExamplesExamples
5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism
Species interaction that benefits one Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the otherand has little or no effect on the other
Species interaction that benefits one Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the otherand has little or no effect on the other
Symbiosis
Species 1
Sp.
2+ - 0
+
-
0
Mutualism& Synergism
Predation& Parasitism
Commensalism
Competition
Amensalism Neutralism
APES Chapter 7
Community Ecology Part 2
What is a bee’s niche?
YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS
Diversity
Succession. Animation.
G. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionProcess in which communities of plant and animals species are replaced over time by a series of different communities
Enchanted Rock
Two kinds of SuccessionTwo kinds of Succession
1. Primary succession - 1. Primary succession - begins with a lifeless area where there is no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss.
2. Secondary succession - 2. Secondary succession - begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain.
1. Primary Succession
1. Primary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-11 p. 152
Click here for animation
2. Secondary Ecological Succession2. Secondary Ecological Succession
Fig. 7-12, p. 153
Succession
3. Pioneer species 3. Pioneer species pioneer pioneer communitycommunity
4. Equilibrium species4. Equilibrium species5. Successional species = 5. Successional species =
pioneer & equilibrium speciespioneer & equilibrium species
6. Climax species 6. Climax species climax climax communitycommunity
(Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s)
Mechanisms of SuccessionMechanisms of Succession
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Both primary and secondary succession are driven by three mechanisms:
• facilitation: a process by which an earlier successional species makes the environment suitable for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing nitrogen can enable later successional species;
• inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders the establishment and growth of other species; e.g., shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of early successional trees;
• tolerance: a process whereby later successional species are unaffected by earlier successional species.
6. Effects on Succession and Species Diversity
a. Disturbancea. Disturbancea. Disturbancea. Disturbance
b. Intermediate b. Intermediate disturbance disturbance hypothesishypothesis
b. Intermediate b. Intermediate disturbance disturbance hypothesishypothesis
Harvester ant mound
1000Percentage disturbance
Sp
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sity
Fig. 7-13, p. 154
6 b. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
7. How Predictable is Succession?
Climax communityClimax communityClimax communityClimax community
““Balance of nature”Balance of nature”““Balance of nature”Balance of nature”
Unpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggle
Ecologists’ viewsEcologists’ viewsEcologists’ viewsEcologists’ views
H. Ecological Stability and SustainabilityH. Ecological Stability and Sustainability
1. Stability1. Stability1. Stability1. Stability
2. Inertia2. Inertia2. Inertia2. Inertia
3. Persistence3. Persistence3. Persistence3. Persistence
4. Constancy4. Constancy4. Constancy4. Constancy
5. Resilience5. Resilience5. Resilience5. Resilience
6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability
7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle
Grizzlybear
NORTHAMERICA
Spottedowl
Black-footedferret
Kemp’sridleyturtle
Californiacondor
Goldentoad
Columbia haslost one-third ofits forest
Black liontamarin
SOUTHAMERICA
More than 60% of thePacific Northwestcoastal forest hasbeen cut down40% of North America’srange and croplandhas lost productivity
Hawaiianmonk seal
Half of the forestin Honduras andNicaragua hasdisappeared
Mangrovesclearedin Equador for shrimp ponds
SouthernChile’s rainforest isthreatened
Little of Brazil’sAtlantic forestremains
Every year 14,000square kilometers ofrain forest is destroyedin the Amazon Basin
Coral reef destruction
Much of Everglades National Park has dried outand lost 90% of its wading birds
ATLANTICOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
Manatee
Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted
Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen42% since its peak in 1973
Humpbackwhale
St. Lawrencebeluga whaleEastern
cougar
Floridapanther
Environmental degradation
Vanishing biodiversity
Endangered species
6.0 or more childrenper woman
Fig. 7-14a, p. 156
I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation
EUROPE
Mediterranean
LiberiaAFRICA
Imperial eagle
640,000 square kilometerssouth of the Sahara haveturned to desert since 1940
MaliBurkinaFaso
SierraLeone Togo
Sao Tome68% of theCongo’srain forestis slatedfor cleaning
Fish catches inSoutheast Atlantichave dropped by morethan 50% since 1973
Blackrhinoceros
Zambia
Angola
CongoRwandaBurundi
UgandaSomalia
NigeriaChad
NigerBenin Golden
tamarin
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Madagascar haslost 66% of itstropical forest
Aye-aye
YemenOman
SaudiArabia
Poland is one ofthe world’s mostpolluted countries
Many parts offormer Soviet Unionare polluted withindustrial and radio-active waste
Area ofAral Sea hasShrunk 46%
Central Asia from theMiddle East to Chinahas lost 72% of rangeand cropland
ASIA
Asianelephant
India andSri Lankahave almostno rainforest left
In peninsular Malaysiaalmost all forests havebeen cut
INDIAN OCEAN
Indonesia’scoral reefs arethreatenedandmangroveforestshave beencut in half
Giantpanda
Kouprey
Queen Alexandra’sBirdwing butterfly
Nail-tailedwallaby
AUSTALIA
Much ofAustralia’srange andcroplandhave turnedto desert
90% of the coral reefsare threatened in thePhilippines. All virginforest will be goneby 2010
Deforestation in the Himalayacauses flooding in Bangladesh
Japanese timber importsare responsible for muchof the world’s tropicaldeforestation
Blue whale
ANTARCTICA
A thinning of the ozone layer occursover Antarctica during summer
Snow leopard
Fig. 7-14b, p. 157
I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation
Random Sampling lab
Groups of 2-3 peopleMaterials:
ScissorsPaperRulerTwo containersPencilCalculator