![Page 1: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
.Fundamentals of Fundamentals of
Computer ProcessingComputer Processing
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E.
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
8-1
![Page 2: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Computing HistoryComputing History
ENIAC - 1946ENIAC - 1946 UNIVAC IUNIVAC I
– First sold in 1956 to Census Bureau First sold in 1956 to Census Bureau IBM System 360 Line of ComputersIBM System 360 Line of Computers
– 1960’s 1960’s – Revolutionized computingRevolutionized computing
1954 -- first computer installed in a business 1954 -- first computer installed in a business (another UNIVAC I at GE)(another UNIVAC I at GE)
8-2
![Page 3: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Computing HistoryComputing History
Early 1970s -- minicomputersEarly 1970s -- minicomputers Late 1970s -- microcomputers (TRS-80, Late 1970s -- microcomputers (TRS-80,
Commodore PET)Commodore PET) IBM PC IBM PC
– 19821982
8-3
![Page 4: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Computer SizesComputer Sizes Mainframes Mainframes
– LargeLarge– Centrally locatedCentrally located– Used by large organizationsUsed by large organizations
Minicomputers Minicomputers – Mid-sizedMid-sized– Today’s server market descended from these Today’s server market descended from these
machinesmachines
8-4
![Page 5: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Computer Sizes [cont.]Computer Sizes [cont.] Microcomputers Microcomputers
– Made possible by microprocessorMade possible by microprocessor
– PC -- used by one person, or by a few people in the same PC -- used by one person, or by a few people in the same areaarea
8-5
![Page 6: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Primary Storage Unit
Central Processing Unit(CPU)
TheComputerSchematic
Input DataOutputInformation
SecondaryStorage
Unit
8-6
![Page 7: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ProcessorsProcessors
Main unit where processing is performedMain unit where processing is performed– Called CPUCalled CPU– Microcomputer CPUs called microprocessorsMicrocomputer CPUs called microprocessors
SpeedSpeed– Moore’s LawMoore’s Law– Megahertz (MHz)Megahertz (MHz)– Word SizeWord Size
8-7
![Page 8: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MemoryMemory
Main memoryMain memory– Storage area where both data being processed Storage area where both data being processed
and program instructions being executed are and program instructions being executed are storedstored
Storage (secondary)Storage (secondary)– Magnetized coding on the surface of a storage Magnetized coding on the surface of a storage
devicedevice
8-8
![Page 9: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bits and BytesBits and Bytes One kilobyte (1KB) One kilobyte (1KB)
– 221010 bytes (1,024) bytes (1,024) One megabyte (1MB) One megabyte (1MB)
– 222020 bytes (1,048,576) bytes (1,048,576) One gigabyte (1GB) One gigabyte (1GB)
– 223030 bytes (1,073,741,924) bytes (1,073,741,924)
8-9
![Page 10: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Different Memory TypesDifferent Memory Types RAM - Random access memoryRAM - Random access memory
– Computer programs and data are loaded into RAM Computer programs and data are loaded into RAM to be executed by the computer processorto be executed by the computer processor
ROM - Read-only memoryROM - Read-only memory– Information used by the operating system and Information used by the operating system and
processor when the computer is startedprocessor when the computer is started DRAM - Dynamic RAMDRAM - Dynamic RAM
– Allows buffering of data and increases efficiency of Allows buffering of data and increases efficiency of RAMRAM
8-10
![Page 11: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Different Memory Types Different Memory Types (cont.)(cont.)
SDRAM - Synchronous DRAMSDRAM - Synchronous DRAM– Runs much faster than most conventional memory Runs much faster than most conventional memory
because it synchronizes its cycles with the because it synchronizes its cycles with the processor’s cyclesprocessor’s cycles
SIMM - Single in-line memory moduleSIMM - Single in-line memory module– Holds 9 memory chips and transmits 32 bits of data Holds 9 memory chips and transmits 32 bits of data
per cycleper cycle DIMM - Dual in-line memory moduleDIMM - Dual in-line memory module
– Transmits 64 bits per data cycleTransmits 64 bits per data cycle
8-11
![Page 12: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
Tape or disk driveTape or disk drive Sequential storageSequential storage Random storageRandom storage High CapacityHigh Capacity
– DVD, CD-ROM, CD-RW, Zip, JazDVD, CD-ROM, CD-RW, Zip, Jaz
8-12
![Page 13: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Removable Disks and their Removable Disks and their Storage CapacitiesStorage Capacities
3.5 inch floppy disks holds 1.44 MB of dataZip disk may hold 100MB or 250MB of dataJaz disk holds 2GB of dataCD disk holds 650MB of dataDVD disk holds 5GB to 20GB of data
8-13
![Page 14: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Input DevicesInput Devices
KeyboardsKeyboards MicrophonesMicrophones Machine-captured dataMachine-captured data
– Scanners/barcodesScanners/barcodes– Cost benefitsCost benefits
8-14
![Page 15: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Output DevicesOutput Devices DisplayedDisplayed
– MonitorMonitor» ResolutionResolution» PixalsPixals» GUIGUI
– CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGACGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA PrintedPrinted
– SpeedSpeed– QualityQuality– Impact/nonimpactImpact/nonimpact
8-15
![Page 16: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Microfilm
Computer
ABC123
Plotters
Speech OutputDevices
Printers
Displayed OutputDevices
Means ofProducin
g Compute
rOutput
8-16
![Page 17: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MultimediaMultimedia
Use of more than one media at one timeUse of more than one media at one time– ImageImage– VideoVideo– AudioAudio
Pointing devicesPointing devices Speech synthesisSpeech synthesis Animated imagesAnimated images
8-17
![Page 18: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SoftwareSoftware
Two main types of software -- system and Two main types of software -- system and applicationapplication
SystemSystem– Performs fundamental tasks that all users of a Performs fundamental tasks that all users of a
particular computer requireparticular computer require ApplicationApplication
– Processes user’s dataProcesses user’s data
8-18
![Page 19: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Three Main System Three Main System Software TypesSoftware Types
Operating systemOperating system– Manages computer’s processesManages computer’s processes
» Schedule tasksSchedule tasks
» Manage hardware and software resourcesManage hardware and software resources
» Maintain system securityMaintain system security
» Enable sharing Enable sharing
» Handle InterruptsHandle Interrupts
8-19
![Page 20: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Three Main System Three Main System Software Types(cont.)Software Types(cont.)
UtilitiesUtilities– Routine that enables the user to perform certain Routine that enables the user to perform certain
basic data processing activitiesbasic data processing activities
– Copy, erase, sort, merge, et ceteraCopy, erase, sort, merge, et cetera Language translatorsLanguage translators
– Change programmer instructions into computer Change programmer instructions into computer instructionsinstructions
– Highest form for translation is a natural languageHighest form for translation is a natural language
8-20
![Page 21: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
System Software Types System Software Types (cont.)(cont.)
Fourth generation languagesFourth generation languages– Called 4GLCalled 4GL
– Describes what is to be done by computerDescribes what is to be done by computer
– Does not describe explicitly how it will be doneDoes not describe explicitly how it will be done
– DBMSs are related to this areaDBMSs are related to this area» SQLSQL» Query languageQuery language» SAS, SPSSSAS, SPSS
8-21
![Page 22: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Application SoftwareApplication Software
Prewritten softwarePrewritten software– Standardized by business functionStandardized by business function– Also called packaged application software and Also called packaged application software and
off-the-shelf application softwareoff-the-shelf application software– AdvantagesAdvantages
» Available nowAvailable now
» Less expensiveLess expensive
8-22
![Page 23: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Application Software Application Software (cont.)(cont.)
Custom softwareCustom software– Best for unique business operationsBest for unique business operations– Far less is created today because of wide Far less is created today because of wide
availabilityavailability– Programmer salaries have risenProgrammer salaries have risen
8-23
![Page 24: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Role of User-Friendly Role of User-Friendly SoftwareSoftware
Businesses need programmers to create Businesses need programmers to create applicationsapplications– EmployeesEmployees– ConsultantsConsultants– Contracts with other companiesContracts with other companies
Simple intuitive software is user-friendlySimple intuitive software is user-friendly Business users have expertise in their areasBusiness users have expertise in their areas
– Need to work with technical expertsNeed to work with technical experts
8-24
![Page 25: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Software ChangeSoftware Change Software changes almost as rapidly as Software changes almost as rapidly as
hardwarehardware– IS professionals are routinely contacted IS professionals are routinely contacted
concerning system updatesconcerning system updates– Professional societies and conferencesProfessional societies and conferences
Changes in business needsChanges in business needs
8-25
![Page 26: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SummarySummary
HardwareHardware– Processor, memory, storageProcessor, memory, storage– Input, manipulation, outputInput, manipulation, output
SoftwareSoftware– SystemsSystems– ApplicationApplication
Rapid changesRapid changes
8-26
![Page 27: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
…The Database and Database The Database and Database
Management SystemManagement System
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E.
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
9-27
![Page 28: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Data OrganizationData Organization
Data FieldData Field– Smallest unit of dataSmallest unit of data
RecordRecord– Collection of related fieldsCollection of related fields
FileFile– Collection of related recordsCollection of related records
9-28
![Page 29: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Data Organization (cont.)Data Organization (cont.)
FoldersFolders– Collection of related filesCollection of related files– Conceptually similar to a branch of the treeConceptually similar to a branch of the tree
SubfolderSubfolder– A folder within a folderA folder within a folder
Movement of folders using GUIMovement of folders using GUI
9-29
![Page 30: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Organization of Data into Organization of Data into FoldersFolders
9-30
![Page 31: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Common Models for Common Models for Organizing Data FilesOrganizing Data Files
1. Function2. Frequency of Use3. Users4. Projects
9-31
![Page 32: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fundamental Building Fundamental Building Blocks for Database Blocks for Database
StructuresStructures
1. Data Value2. Data Field3. Data Record4. Data File
9-32
![Page 33: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Spreadsheet as a Simple Spreadsheet as a Simple DatabaseDatabase
Rows and columns of a spreadsheet can be Rows and columns of a spreadsheet can be regarded as a simple databaseregarded as a simple database
Flat filesFlat files– Does not have repeating columnsDoes not have repeating columns– Spreadsheet table is a file and column is a fieldSpreadsheet table is a file and column is a field
Key fieldsKey fields– Contains a value to uniquely identify each Contains a value to uniquely identify each
record in a tablerecord in a table
9-33
![Page 34: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Data Structure vs. Data Structure vs. Spreadsheet TerminologySpreadsheet Terminology
Spreadsheet Term Data Structure Term
Table FileColumn FieldRow Record
9-34
![Page 35: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Database StructuresDatabase Structures
DatabaseDatabase– All data stored on computer-based resources of All data stored on computer-based resources of
the organizationthe organization Database Management System (DBMS)Database Management System (DBMS)
– Software application that stores the structure of Software application that stores the structure of the database, the data itself, relationships the database, the data itself, relationships among the data in the database, as well as forms among the data in the database, as well as forms and reports pertaining to the databaseand reports pertaining to the database
9-35
![Page 36: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Database Structures Database Structures (cont.)(cont.) Hierarchical structure Hierarchical structure
– Uses the ‘parent / children’ conceptUses the ‘parent / children’ concept– Limitation: Cannot handle ad hoc requestsLimitation: Cannot handle ad hoc requests– First DBMS was IDS by GE in 1964First DBMS was IDS by GE in 1964– CODASYLCODASYL
Network structureNetwork structure– Allow given record to point back to any other record in Allow given record to point back to any other record in
the databasethe database– Specification released by CODASYL in 1971Specification released by CODASYL in 1971– Solves problem of having to backtrack through dataSolves problem of having to backtrack through data
9-36
![Page 37: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Database Structures Database Structures (cont.)(cont.)
Relational structureRelational structure– Rows and columnsRows and columns– Frees designers from need to specify Frees designers from need to specify
relationships prior to building the databaserelationships prior to building the database– Date and Codd described structureDate and Codd described structure– Does not rely on physical relationshipsDoes not rely on physical relationships– Easy to understandEasy to understand
9-37
![Page 38: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Relational Database Relational Database VendorsVendors
1. IBM2. Informix Software, Inc.3. Microsoft4. Oracle5. Sybase
9-38
![Page 39: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Database ConceptThe Database Concept Database conceptDatabase concept
– Logical integration of records in multiple files Logical integration of records in multiple files Data redundancyData redundancy
– Duplication of dataDuplication of data Data inconsistencyData inconsistency Data independenceData independence
– Keep data specifications separate from Keep data specifications separate from programs, in tables and indexesprograms, in tables and indexes
9-39
![Page 40: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TablesTablesBook Name Author Required
Banking Principles Knox 25Management Information Systems 8E McLeod and Schell 75 Personal Sales Techniques Wei 70Quality Service, Quality Customer Brutus 54
9-40
![Page 41: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Description of Book TableDescription of Book Table
9-41
![Page 42: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Description of Student Description of Student TableTable
9-42
![Page 43: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Table RelationshipsTable Relationships
9-43
![Page 44: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Salespersonfile
Salesstatistics
file
Customerfile
Accountsreceivable
file
Buyer file
Inventory file
Vendor file
Accounts payable file
Purchase order file
General ledger file
A Database Consists of One or More Files9-44
![Page 45: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Evolution of Database Evolution of Database SoftwareSoftware
GE’s IDS first exampleGE’s IDS first example– Used with COBOLUsed with COBOL
IBM’s IMSIBM’s IMS– Apollo projectApollo project
Interface IssuesInterface Issues– Intel’s System 2000, RAMIS, IDMS, InquireIntel’s System 2000, RAMIS, IDMS, Inquire– Query language interfaceQuery language interface
9-45
![Page 46: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Evolution of Database Evolution of Database Software (cont.)Software (cont.)
SEQEL from IBMSEQEL from IBM– Continuation of IMSContinuation of IMS
Renamed SQLRenamed SQL– Structured Query language Structured Query language – Embedded within traditional languageEmbedded within traditional language– StandaloneStandalone
PC database packagesPC database packages– dBase IIdBase II– MS-Access MS-Access
9-46
![Page 47: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Creating a DatabaseCreating a Database
Two approaches:Two approaches:
1. Process oriented approach (problem-1. Process oriented approach (problem-solving)solving)
2.2. Enterprise modelingEnterprise modeling
9-47
![Page 48: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DefineDefinethe Problemthe Problem
Identify necessaryIdentify necessarydecisionsdecisions
DescribeDescribeinformation needsinformation needs
DetermineDeterminethe necessarythe necessary
processingprocessing
SpecifySpecifydata needsdata needs
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
6.6.
Data NeedsData NeedsCan BeCan BeDefined by Defined by Taking a Taking a Problem-Problem-Oriented Oriented ApproachApproach
DataDataSpecificationsSpecifications
9-48
![Page 49: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Createenterprisedata model
DevelopDatabase
Database
2.
1.
Strategic Planning for Information Resources
Data Needs CanBe Defined by
Creating an Enterprise
Model
EnterpriseData Model
9-49
![Page 50: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Describing the Database Describing the Database ContentsContentsData dictionary
Enterdictionary data
Data descriptionlanguage (DDL)
Schema
Step 1
Step 2
9-50
![Page 51: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
SchemaSchema
Data field nameData field name Aliases (other names used for same data Aliases (other names used for same data
field)field) Type of data (numeric alphabetic)Type of data (numeric alphabetic) Number of positionsNumber of positions Number of decimal positionsNumber of decimal positions Various integrity rulesVarious integrity rules
9-51
![Page 52: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Rule for Required FieldRule for Required Field
9-52
![Page 53: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Enforcing Value of Enforcing Value of BookNameBookName
9-53
![Page 54: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Creating a DatabaseCreating a Database
1) Describe the data1) Describe the data 2) Enter the data2) Enter the data 3) Use the database3) Use the database
– Query languageQuery language– Query-by-exampleQuery-by-example– Data manipulation language (DML)Data manipulation language (DML)
9-54
![Page 55: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Query-by-ExampleQuery-by-Example
9-55
![Page 56: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
On-Line Analytical On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)Processing (OLAP)
Feature to enable data analysis similar to Feature to enable data analysis similar to statistical cross-tabulationstatistical cross-tabulation
Information can be generated from within Information can be generated from within DBMSDBMS
No need for separate statistical softwareNo need for separate statistical software
9-56
![Page 57: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Example OLAP OutputExample OLAP Output
Marital Status Married Single Cash $752 $849Payment Credit $1,277 $2,019Method Check $283 $165
9-57
![Page 58: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Database The Database Administrator (DBA)Administrator (DBA)
D B A DutiesD B A Duties Database planning; work with users and Database planning; work with users and
others, define schema, etc.others, define schema, etc. Database implementation; creating the Database implementation; creating the
database and enforcing policies and database and enforcing policies and proceduresprocedures
Database operationsDatabase operations Database securityDatabase security
9-58
![Page 59: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
DataDatadescriptiondescriptionlanguagelanguageprocessorprocessor
Database managerDatabase manager
QueryQuerylanguagelanguage
Data manipulationData manipulationlanguage (DML)language (DML)
Application programsApplication programs
DatabaseDatabasedescription description
(schema)(schema)
DatabaseDatabase
InformationInformation requests requests
InformationInformation
TransactionTransaction loglog
Backup/recoveryBackup/recoverymodulemodule
PerformancePerformancestatisticsstatistics
PerformancePerformance statisticsstatistics processorprocessor
PerformancePerformance statisticsstatistics
A DBMSA DBMSModelModel
9-59
![Page 60: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Knowledge Discovery in Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)Databases (KDD)
Data warehousingData warehousing– refinement in the database concept to make itrefinement in the database concept to make it
» very largevery large» very purevery pure» very retrievablevery retrievable
Data martData mart– a more modest approach than data a more modest approach than data
warehousing, generally only one segment of warehousing, generally only one segment of the firmthe firm
9-60
![Page 61: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Knowledge Discovery in Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) (cont.)Databases (KDD) (cont.)
Data miningData mining– the process of finding relationships in data the process of finding relationships in data
that are unknown to the userthat are unknown to the user– may be formay be for
» verificationverification
» discoverydiscovery
» combination of verification and discoverycombination of verification and discovery
9-61
![Page 62: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Knowledge Discovery The Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) Processin Database (KDD) Process
1. Define the data and the task1. Define the data and the task
2. Acquire the data2. Acquire the data
3. Clean the data3. Clean the data
4. Develop the hypothesis and search model4. Develop the hypothesis and search model
5. Mine the data5. Mine the data
6. Test and verify6. Test and verify
7. Interpret and use7. Interpret and use9-62
![Page 63: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
DBMS AdvantagesDBMS Advantages
Reduce data redundancyReduce data redundancy Achieve data independenceAchieve data independence Enable integration of data from multiple Enable integration of data from multiple
filesfiles Retrieve data and information quicklyRetrieve data and information quickly Improve securityImprove security
9-63
![Page 64: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
DBMS DisadvantagesDBMS Disadvantages
Obtain expensive softwareObtain expensive software Obtain a large hardware configurationObtain a large hardware configuration Hire and maintain a DBA staffHire and maintain a DBA staff
9-64
Requires a firm to:
![Page 65: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
SummarySummary
Organizations are storing vast amounts of Organizations are storing vast amounts of datadata
Organization and structures in databaseOrganization and structures in database– Dominated by relationalDominated by relational
Staff positionsStaff positions– DBADBA
Knowledge discovery in databasesKnowledge discovery in databases Database management systemsDatabase management systems
9-65
![Page 66: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Chapter 10Data CommunicationsData Communications
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/ERaymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
10-66
![Page 67: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Communication BasicsCommunication Basics
Computer communications is at Computer communications is at three levelsthree levels– Application level Application level – Computer levelComputer level– Communication channelCommunication channel
Protocol Protocol – Set of rules for communicationsSet of rules for communications– OSI StandardOSI Standard
10-67
![Page 68: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model
Layer Name Purpose
7 Application Layer Application-to-application communication 6 Presentation Layer Manage data representation conversions 5 Session Layer Establish and maintain communication channel 4 Transport Layer Guarantee end-to-end integrity of transmission 3 Network Layer Route data between network addresses 2 Data Link Layer Move data from one network address to another 1 Physical Layer Put data onto and off of the network media
10-68
![Page 69: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ISO WebsiteISO Website
10-69
![Page 70: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Protocols for Computer Protocols for Computer CommunicationCommunication
Early computersEarly computers– TerminalsTerminals– Sneaker netSneaker net
System Network Architecture (SNA)System Network Architecture (SNA)– Established by IBM in 1974Established by IBM in 1974– ProprietaryProprietary
Token-RingToken-Ring– Host computer controlledHost computer controlled– peer-to-peerpeer-to-peer
10-70
![Page 71: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Protocols for Computer Protocols for Computer CommunicationCommunication
EthernetEthernet– Xerox working with Intel and Digital Xerox working with Intel and Digital
Equipment Corporation developed this protocolEquipment Corporation developed this protocol– Non-proprietaryNon-proprietary– Defined by IEEEDefined by IEEE– Works on a single transmission lineWorks on a single transmission line– No token is passedNo token is passed
10-71
![Page 72: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
PacketsPackets
Piece of the total data to be communicated, Piece of the total data to be communicated, combined with the address of the destination combined with the address of the destination computer for the data and other control computer for the data and other control information.information.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is one of the more important packet switching protocols
10-72
![Page 73: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Network AddressesNetwork Addresses
Address Address – Four-part set of numbers Four-part set of numbers – Each from 0 to 255Each from 0 to 255
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)Internet Service Providers (ISPs)– User connects through common carrierUser connects through common carrier
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)– Protocols for users at homeProtocols for users at home
10-73
![Page 74: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Protocols for Public Phone Protocols for Public Phone SystemsSystems
X.25X.25– analoganalog– older protocololder protocol
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)– Digital Digital – Can carry voice, data, and videoCan carry voice, data, and video
10-74
![Page 75: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Protocols for Public Phone Protocols for Public Phone Systems (cont.)Systems (cont.)
Frame RelaysFrame Relays– Move to fiber opticsMove to fiber optics
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)– Smaller packet sizeSmaller packet size– Faster transmission speedsFaster transmission speeds
10-75
![Page 76: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Data Communications Links theData Communications Links theGeneral Systems Model ElementsGeneral Systems Model Elements
Standards
Management Informationprocessor
Environment
Input Transformation Output
10-76
![Page 77: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
NetworksNetworks
Each device must be connected to the Each device must be connected to the communications medium via a network communications medium via a network interface card (NIC)interface card (NIC)
10-77
![Page 78: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Types of NetworksTypes of Networks LAN (local area network)LAN (local area network)
– Limited area but could include 100 or so microsLimited area but could include 100 or so micros– Facilitates office automationFacilitates office automation
MAN (metropolitan area networks)MAN (metropolitan area networks)– spans one city/metropolitan areaspans one city/metropolitan area
WAN (wide area network)WAN (wide area network)– Covers a large geographic areaCovers a large geographic area– Includes a wide variety of circuits Includes a wide variety of circuits – Usually includes host computersUsually includes host computers
10-78
![Page 79: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
UsersUsers
Manager 1Manager 1
Secretary 1Secretary 1
Secretary 2Secretary 2
WorkstationWorkstation11
WorkstationWorkstation22
WorkstationWorkstation33
WorkstationWorkstation44
Manager 2Manager 2
NetworkNetworkServerServer
HardHardDiskDisk
Letter QualityLetter QualityPrinterPrinter
PlotterPlotter
A Local Area NetworkA Local Area Network 10-79
![Page 80: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Common LAN TopologiesCommon LAN TopologiesStarStar
10-80
![Page 81: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Common LAN TopologiesCommon LAN TopologiesRingRing
10-81
![Page 82: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Common LAN TopologiesCommon LAN TopologiesBusBus
10-82
![Page 83: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
SatelliteSatellite
EarthEarthstationstation
EarthEarthstationstation
TelephoneTelephonecompanycompanycentral officecentral office
TelephoneTelephonecompanycompanycentral officecentral office
TelephoneTelephonecompanycompanycentral officecentral office
TelephoneTelephonecompanycompanycentral officecentral office
LocalLocallooploop
User’sUser’smodemmodem
MicrowaveMicrowave towertower
MicrowaveMicrowave towertower
IXC circuitIXC circuit(interexchange(interexchange
channel)channel)
IXC circuit
(interexchange channel)
LocalLocallooploop
Wide Area Wide Area NetworkNetwork
User’sUser’smodemmodem
10-83
![Page 84: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Types of Networks (cont.)Types of Networks (cont.) InternetInternet
– Collection of networksCollection of networks– PublicPublic
IntranetIntranet– Uses Internet network protocolsUses Internet network protocols– Limits accessibilityLimits accessibility– FirewallFirewall
ExtranetExtranet– For trusted business partners and customersFor trusted business partners and customers
10-84
![Page 85: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Control of Data Control of Data Communications NetworksCommunications Networks CentralizedCentralized
– Point-of-sale terminalsPoint-of-sale terminals
– Data collection terminalsData collection terminals
Distributed processingDistributed processing– Receiving computer runs programs that use dataReceiving computer runs programs that use data
Client/server processingClient/server processing– Mixes centralized and decentralized processing Mixes centralized and decentralized processing
strategiesstrategies
10-85
![Page 86: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Legend:
Computer Terminal
A Network of TerminalsA Network of Terminals
10-86
![Page 87: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Legend:
CentralComputer
DistributedComputer
A Distributed Processing A Distributed Processing NetworkNetwork
10-87
![Page 88: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Communications HardwareCommunications Hardware
ModemModem– Converts digital to analog and vice versaConverts digital to analog and vice versa
– Bits per second determines transmission speedBits per second determines transmission speed
– Local loopLocal loop
Hub Hub – Receives a data packet from a computer at one end of Receives a data packet from a computer at one end of
one spoke of the star topography and copies its contents one spoke of the star topography and copies its contents to all other computersto all other computers
– Manageable hubsManageable hubs
10-88
![Page 89: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Data Communications with a Data Communications with a ModemModem
ComputerComputerModemModem ChannelChannel ModemModemComputerComputer
A modem is always required between a telephone and a digital computer
10-89
![Page 90: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Communications Hardware Communications Hardware (cont.)(cont.)
RouterRouter– Device that connects many LANsDevice that connects many LANs– More sophisticated than a bridgeMore sophisticated than a bridge– Process header information of a packetProcess header information of a packet
SwitchSwitch– Filters data not intended for a computer on a Filters data not intended for a computer on a
particular networkparticular network
10-90
![Page 91: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Communications Communications ConnectionsConnections
Private LinesPrivate Lines– Circuit that is always open to communications Circuit that is always open to communications
traffictraffic– Also called leased line or dedicated lineAlso called leased line or dedicated line– Two typesTwo types
» T-1 - Maximum speed just over 1.5 MbpsT-1 - Maximum speed just over 1.5 Mbps
» T-3 - Maximum speed 43 MbpsT-3 - Maximum speed 43 Mbps
» Collections of 64 Kbps connectionsCollections of 64 Kbps connections
10-91
![Page 92: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Communications Communications Connections (cont.)Connections (cont.)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)– Tunneling software makes Internet connections Tunneling software makes Internet connections
more securemore secure– Privacy through authenticationPrivacy through authentication– More cost effective than private linesMore cost effective than private lines
10-92
![Page 93: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Network ManagementNetwork Management
Digital nervous systems of an organizationDigital nervous systems of an organization Network planningNetwork planning
– Anticipates firm’s network needsAnticipates firm’s network needs– Monitor’s performanceMonitor’s performance
Network ControlNetwork Control– Determines faultsDetermines faults
» Errors in data communicationErrors in data communication» Alerts to potential faultsAlerts to potential faults
10-93
![Page 94: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Network Management Network Management (cont.)(cont.)
Network managerNetwork manager– Planning, implementing, operating, and controlling a Planning, implementing, operating, and controlling a
firm’s data communications network(s)firm’s data communications network(s)
StaffStaff– Network analysts (a type of systems analyst)Network analysts (a type of systems analyst)– Software analysts Software analysts – Data Communication Technicians (specialize in Data Communication Technicians (specialize in
hardware)hardware)– LAN managersLAN managers
10-94
![Page 95: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Wireless NetworksWireless Networks
Cellular networksCellular networks– Hand held telephonesHand held telephones– Primarily for voicePrimarily for voice
Wireless LANs Wireless LANs – Extensions of regular LANsExtensions of regular LANs
Wide-area wireless networksWide-area wireless networks– NationwideNationwide
10-95Highlights in MIS
![Page 96: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Wireless Networks (cont.)Wireless Networks (cont.)
Paging networksPaging networks– Receive only capabilityReceive only capability
Personal Communications Network (PCN) is the networking infrastructure for wireless.
It is not yet in place!
10-96Highlights in MIS
![Page 97: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
A Network with Mobility A Network with Mobility CapabilityCapability
MSS = mobile support station MU = mobile units
MU MU MU
MU MU MU MU MU MU
MU MU MU
MSS
MSS MSS
MSS
Fixed host
Fixed host
Fixed host
Fixed host
Fixed network
10-97Highlights in MIS
![Page 98: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
SummarySummary
Data communications enable computers to Data communications enable computers to share information and applicationsshare information and applications
NetworksNetworks– LANsLANs– MANsMANs– WANsWANs
Communication standardsCommunication standards
10-98
![Page 99: Fundamentals of Computer Processing MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E. Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8-1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c00e1a28abf838cca281/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Summary [cont.]Summary [cont.]
Basic HardwareBasic Hardware– HubsHubs– RoutersRouters– BridgesBridges– SwitchesSwitches
Planned growthPlanned growth
10-99