© Kip Smith, 2003
Where we are in the syllabus
Part 1: Psychology - the science of mind and behavior
Part 2: Nature - how our evolutionary inheritance shapes behavior and brains and our capacity for language
Part 3: Nurture - how our environment shapes mind and behavior
© Kip Smith, 2003
Nurture
How our environment shapes mind and behavior
Environments: Family Society Culture Peer groups Etc.
© Kip Smith, 2003
Topics in Part 3: Nurture
Learning Classical conditioning
Watson, Pavlov Operant conditioning
Skinner
Child development Piaget
Ecological psychology Jimmy and Eleanor
Gibson
Social psychology Social perceptions and
attitudes Social influences on
behavior Peer pressure
Personality
© Kip Smith, 2003
For next time
Do the PsychInquiry activity for Chapter 4 called Classically conditioned tastes
Read Chapter 4
© Kip Smith, 2003
A Little History
During the first half of the 20th century, psychology focused on overt behavior and was not concerned with what goes on inside the head
The paradigm was called Behaviorism
The focus of research was Learning
© Kip Smith, 2003
Behaviorism(1913 - 1956...)
The goal of psychology “is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.”
Watson, 1913
Psychology is “the science of observable behavior”
Pavlov
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Types of Learning
Observational learning
Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
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Observational Learning
Child takes gunto school,
kills teachers & classmates
Child routinely observes gunplay
and violence on TV
Child feels angry,
hostile, or insecure
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Associative learning
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
Operant (Skinnerian) conditioning
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Conditioning
Behavior
Peck
Reinforcer
FoodTone
ConditionedReinforcer
time
Behavior
Peck
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Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms
UnConditioned Stimulus
UnConditioned Response
Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
= UCS
= UCR
= NS
= CS
= CR
© Kip Smith, 2003
Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms
UnConditioned Stimulus
UnConditioned Response
Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
= UCS
= UCR
= NS
= CS
= CR
© Kip Smith, 2003
NS
Tone Food+
ToneBEFORE
Food
UCR
Drool
UCS
Food
Pavlov’s Dogs 2(During Conditioning)
Drool
CS
CSBEFOREUCS !!
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UCS UCR
Food Drool
Drool
NS
Tone Food+
Tone
CS
Light
Light
Touch
Touch
Drool
CR
Pavlov’s Dogs 3(After Conditioning)
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UCS UCR
Kiss Arousal
NS
Onion breath ArousalKiss+
Onion breath Arousal
CRCS
Tirrell’s Kiss
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UCS UCR
Noise Fear
NS
Rat FearNoise+
Rat FearBunny
Bunny
Dog
Dog
CRCS
Little Albert(Watson & Rayner)
© Kip Smith, 2003
Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms
UnConditioned Stimulus
UnConditioned Response
Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
= UCS
= UCR
= NS
= CS
= CR
© Kip Smith, 2003
FYI: Classical Conditioning Terms
Acquisition Initial learning
Extinction Removal of CS => Suppression of CR
Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of a weakened CR
Generalization Discrimination
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Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning
Associating behavior with its consequence shapes subsequent behavior
ConsequenceBehavior
Reinforcers
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Two types of Reinforcers
RewardPunishment
“Law of Effect”Rewarded behavior is more likely to recurPunished behavior is less likely to recur
Reward Punishment
Behavior Behavior ConsequenceConsequence
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Shaping
A procedure in which reinforcers (rewards or punishments) gradually guide an animal’s behavior toward a desired behavior
The animal associates its own behaviors with their consequences
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Operant conditioning has two components:
The consequence of the behavior is either having something given (positive) or having something taken away (negative)
Based on the consequence, the behavior either
continues (reinforcement) or decreases or stops (punishment)
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Positive vs. Negative
Positive if something is given
Negative if something is taken away
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Positive
The animal receives something that it values
Food Money Any incentive
Reinforcement
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Positive
The animal receives something that it values
Food Money Any incentive
The animal receives something it dreads Pain Hardship Deprivation
Reinforcement
Punishment
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Negative
The animal has something it values taken away
Food Money Any incentive
Punishment
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Negative
The animal has something it values taken away
Food Money Any incentive
The animal has something it dreads taken away
Pain Hardship Deprivation
Reinforcement
Punishment
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Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement if the behavior continues
Punishment if the behavior diminishes or stops
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Reinforcement
Doing something to encourage a behavior AND the behavior continues
“Reinforcement rests on the principle that whenever something reinforces a particular activity of an organism, it increases the chances the organism will repeat the behavior.”
© Kip Smith, 2003
Punishment
Doing something to discourage a behavior AND the behavior diminishes or stops
Punishment rests on the principle that whenever something militates against a particular activity, it decreases the chances the activity will continue
The animal behaves, the consequence is something GIVEN
The animal behaves, the consequence is something TAKEN AWAY
Positive reinforcement: giving something desired
(Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test- the child continues to do well on tests)
Positive punishment: giving something undesired
(Ex: Yelling at your roommate for leaving the apartment a mess- and your roommate decreases her messy behavior)
Negative reinforcement: taking away something undesired
(Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock - the rat will continue to press the lever)
Negative punishment: taking away something desired
(Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWI- and the person stops driving intoxicated)
Behaviorcontinues
Behaviordecreases or stops
© Kip Smith, 2003
Consequence is something
GIVENGiving something desired
(Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test - the child continues to do well on tests)
Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?
Behavior
© Kip Smith, 2003
Consequence is something
GIVEN
Giving something desired
Positive Reinforcement
BehaviorBehavior continues
© Kip Smith, 2003
Taking away something UNdesired
(Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock - the rat will continue to press the lever)
BehaviorConsequence is
something TAKEN AWAY
Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?
© Kip Smith, 2003
Taking away something UNdesired
Negative Reinforcement
BehaviorBehavior continues
Consequence is something
TAKEN AWAY
© Kip Smith, 2003
Behavior Consequence is something
TAKEN AWAY
Taking away something desired
(Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWI- and the person stops driving intoxicated)
Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?
© Kip Smith, 2003
Behavior Consequence is something
TAKEN AWAY
Taking away something desired
Negative Punishment
Behavior diminishes or
stops
© Kip Smith, 2003
Consequence is something
GIVENGiving something UNdesired
(Ex: Late fees and finance charges on credit card bills - payments may become less tardy)
Behavior
Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?
© Kip Smith, 2003
Consequence is something
GIVEN
Giving something UNdesired
Positive Punishment
BehaviorBehavior diminishes or
stops
© Kip Smith, 2003
Group Discussion
A teenager has a curfew of midnight. She continually comes home before her curfew. To reward her, her parents remove her curfew. The teenager continues to come home around midnight.
What kind of conditioning is this?