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Chapter 16Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
1880-1915
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Section 1: Science & Urban Life
Main Idea› Advances in science & technology helped
to solve urban problems i.e. overcrowding
Why does this still matter today?
•American cities continue to depend on the results of scientific and technological research.
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16
The United States The World
1878 Bicycle touring club is founded in Europe. 1883 Construction of the Brooklyn
Bridge is completed. 1884 Fifteen-nation conference on the division of Africa convenes in Berlin.
1888 Electric trolleys are first introduced.
1900 William McKinley is reelected.
TIME LINE
HOME
1889 Barnum & Bailey Circus opens in London.
1891 Ida B. Wells crusades against lynching.
1899 German psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams.
1896 Supreme Court establishes “separate-but-equal” doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson.
1901 McKinley is assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt becomes president. 1904 Theodore Roosevelt is elected president.
Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
continued . . .
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16
The United States The World
1910 Mexican Revolution begins.
1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T. William H. Taft is elected president.
1914 World War I begins in Europe.
1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected president.
TIME LINE
HOME
1916 Woodrow Wilson is reelected.
Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
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Technology & City Life
Cities expand upward & outward› By 1900: 4 out 10 Americans lived in cities
› How does a city deal with so many people and so little land? Build towards the sky Build outwards
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Bridges Outward expansion of cities increased travel to and from cities encouraged technological advance in
other areas catalyst for upward growth skyscrapers
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA
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Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers› Inventions: Elevator & Steel› Louis Sullivan: Wainwright Building in St.
Louis› Solution: limited & expensive space› Daniel Burnham: Flatiron Building
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Transportation Electricity transformed cities
› Electric streetcars for urban transit Also called Trolley cars
Ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown i.e. easy transportation to offices & shops
•Underground streetcars•“el” (elevated) trains: above street level•Subways
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Developments of Suburbs
New inventions made this possible - Lawnmower - no longer needed animals to eat the grass - Icebox - ice delivered daily - Indoor plumbing -Iron cooking range
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City Planning Bring back environment into cities
› Create recreational areas Frederick Law Olmstead: Landscape architect
› Olmstead & Vaux designed “Greensward” Also known as: Central Park in NYC Central Park
Boating Tennis facilities Zoo Bicycle paths
Olmstead also landscaping for St. Louis & Washington, D.C.
Video
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Central Park, NYC & Boston’s Park System
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New Technologies Railroad: spanned the nation Advances in printing Aviation Photography
PrintingBy 1890: literacy rate 90%American mills: produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulpNew paper durable for high speed pressesFaster production & lower costs: newspapers & magazines cheaper
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Airplanes & Photography Orville & Wilbur Wright
› Dec. 17, 1903, Kitty Hawk, NC Flight: 12 seconds & 120 feet
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New Technologies
Photography Explosion- Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy equipment, time
- George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing- 1888 - introduced Kodak camera (easy to operate) - Millions use Kodak camera- Helped create field of photojournalism
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In Groups Discuss which scientific or
technological development we have talked about had the greatest impact on American culture? Do research – as a group decide and write at least 10 reasons to support your choice
City Design Communication Transportation
•Bridges•Skyscrapers•Urban planning•Parks
•Photography•Linotype machine (line casting – one line at a time)•High speed printing presses
•Trains•Electric Streetcars•Planes•Subways
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Homework
Read ch 16 section 3 pages 492-497 Take notes Answer the "main idea" questions as
you read - there are 3
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Section 2: Expanding Education
Main Idea› Reforms in public education = rise in
national literacy & promotion of public education
› Terms & Names: Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute W.E.B. Du Bois
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Education By Civil War
› Most states had public education› Most kids did not receive formal schooling› Majority of students left within 4 yrs. & few
attended high school Between 1865-1895
› States passed legislation: 12-16 weeks per year for kids between 8-14
› Rote memorization › physical punishment
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Importance of Education
Many immigrants wanted an education for their children
American school system grew faster than cities Began taking over task that had once belonged
to parents - Taught children citizenship, proper social behavior, and skills to earn a living
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Characteristics
1865 to 1895 - Cities and states passed laws that required children to attend school until they reached a certain age - Kindergartens - originally childcare for working women became popular- 1880 - 62% white children, 34% black children in elementary school- School populations more than doubled between 1870 and 1900
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Importance of Education Educators faced problems of teaching children from
different backgrounds who spoke different languages Schools looked to factory as a model
- Grades that organized children by age were established - The marking system, textbooks and courses became standardized - Added vocational classes to teach children a skill
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Importance of Education
High schools, grew as a result of the Industrial economy’s demand for technical, managerial skills- 1900 - more than half a million students in high school- Expanding education changed American society
African-Americans experienced racial discrimination in education- Small percentage of black teenagers attended high school- Most attended private schools that received no government support
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Importance of Education
Some immigrants resented suppression of their native languages- Many public school systems had readings from Protestant Bible- Catholics had parochial schools
Adults attended night school & some day programs at work- unionists objected to employer programs
Many families needed the money their children earned - They chose not to send their children to school
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Expanding Higher Education
By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend college 1880–1920, college enrollment more than
quadruples Research universities emerged, & offered new
curriculum Professional law & medical schools established Private universities had entrance exams
- Some state colleges want high school diploma
Founded 1894
Founded 1782
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Higher Education for African Americans Not enough black college graduates to meet needs of
communities Booker T. Washington—racism will end if blacks get
labor skills Headed Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute,
now a university
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Booker T. Washington Bio
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Higher Education for African Americans
W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate - disagreed with Washington
Founded Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study - believed well-educated future leaders needed- Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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W.E.B. Du Bois Video
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Education Today – Group Work
You get modify the education system in the United States
Research other country’s educational systems
Look at test scores, achievement levels after school, employment; etc.
Things to think about: population (how big & homogenous); culture; taxes; etc.
As a pair decide at least 4 modifications you would make to the US education system – you must defend your decision with evidence
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Homework
Birth of a Nation Primary Source
Annotate & Highlight
Document Analysis Sheet
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Video Links
Booker T. Washington Biography
W.E.B. Du Bois Video
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Section 3Segregation and
Discrimination
African Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.
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Birth of a Nation & World’s Fair Discussion
Birth of a Nation Clip 1 Birth of a Nation Clip 2 Is this film historically accurate? What makes a film historically
accurate?
How was the fair described? Explain how this fair represents
“modern America”
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African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks could not vote
By 1900, all Southern states restricted voting & denied equality
Some limited vote to those who could read (officials gave literacy tests)
Some had poll tax that must be paid annually to vote
Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote- Could vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867
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Jim Crow Laws Video
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Jim Crow Laws
1870s, - 1880s, Supreme Court allowed poll tax & grandfather clause
Racial segregation laws separated races in private & public places
Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson - segregation legal in public places- Allowed “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service
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Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white relations- enforce second-class status for blacks
Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, received white support
W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells thought problems were too urgent to postpone
Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes a teacher, newspaper editor- campaigned for racial justice
African Americans who do not follow etiquette were punished or lynched› more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
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Discrimination in the North
Many blacks migrated North for better paying jobs & social equality
were forced into segregated neighborhoods
Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers
Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent
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Discrimination in the West
More Mexicans built railroads in Southwest than other ethnic groups- forced to work for less than other groups
Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries
Some Southwest Mexicans & African Americans forced into debt peonage:- system of slavery to work off debt to employer- 1911, Supreme Court declared debt peonage unconstitutional
Whites feared job competition - Pushed Chinese to separate areas, schools- Opposition to Chinese immigration led to Chinese Exclusion Act
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Homework
Read Ch 16 Sec 4 pages 498-503 Take Notes Answer the Main Idea questions in the
margins
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Section 4The Dawn of Mass Culture
As Americans have more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture
emerges.
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American Leisure
Despite poverty and poor working conditions, people had more leisure time than ever before - Caused a growth of a new city culture in which everyone could share
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Amusement Parks
Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation
Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides
1884 – Many Americans rode rollercoaster at Coney Island
1883 – World’s 1st Ferris wheel was introduced at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
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Coney Island
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Sports
Both amateur and pro sports become popular 1869 - 1st pro baseball team formed
(Cincinnati Red Stockings) 1876 - The National League of Professional
Baseball Clubs was organized Baseball replaced horse racing as America's
favorite spectator sport - National League formed 1876; American League formed 1900 - Discrimination led to Negro National, Negro American Leagues
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Sports 1870's - Americans took English game of Rugby
and turned it into Football 1891 – Basketball was invented in Massachusetts
as a game to play indoors during the winter Tennis was imported from Britain; became
popular By turn of century, boxing & baseball had
became profitable businesses Women began playing sports as they became
more popular - Challenged the idea that sports were for men only
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Impact of Bicycles 1800s – Invention set
off a craze that would last 2 decades
Early bicycles were dangerous; at first, bicycling was male-only sport
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Impact of Bicycles
Safer bicycles increased popularity of sport & women began riding too- Women wore baggy pants “bloomers” when riding
Tandem bikes were built for two
Offered a fun and easy way to get around
Cheaper than keeping or feeding a horse
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Vaudeville Theater Variety Show that
included a little bit of everything - Songs- Skits - Dances- Comic routines - Juggling and gymnastics
Both rich and poor attended the theater
Used Songs and comedy to explore the social problems of the day
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Early Movies
1890s- part of the Vaudeville show was a short moving picture
By 1900 – People were paying 5 cents to watch short silent films (Nickelodeons)
Filmmakers began using several roles of film to create more complex stores (Birth of the modern movie industry)
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Mass Circulation Newspapers Newspapers used
sensational headlines, stories to capture readers
Joseph Pulitzer - bought New York World, pioneers popular innovations- Became champion of the poor - Used simple language that most people could read - Included human interest stories as well as news
He was the 1st person to put sections together in a newspaper- Sports - Womens - Comics
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Mass Circulation Newspapers
He also connected the city and people to each other - Raised the money to pay for the Statue of Liberty base after the Gov. refused - 1886- $100,000 in donations from readers
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Mass Circulation Newspapers
William Randolph Hearst—NY, San Francisco papers exaggerated stories
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Popular Fiction
By 1900, thousands of free circulating libraries in country Most people liked dime novels - glorified adventure tales of
the West Some wanted more serious, realistic portrayal of ordinary
people & life Novelist, humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, or Mark
Twain: - rejected high culture yet wrote American classics
Art galleries & libraries tried to raise cultural standards
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New Ways to Sell Goods 1890 - first shopping
center opened in Cleveland
Retail shopping districts formed near public transportation
1865 - Marshall Field opened first U.S. department store in Chicago- stressed personal service - Paid close attention to women customers - pioneered bargain basement “ selling goods that were less expensive but reliable”
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New Ways to Sell Goods
The Chain Store- Chain stores offer same merchandise under same owners for less- bought in quantity, limited personal service
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Advertising Advertising explosion: $10
million spent 1865, $95 million 1900
Advertising in periodicals, billboards, sides of buildings
Department Stores also attracted customers through newspaper ads and window displays - Salesmen were expected to be nice to the poor as well as rich a. people of all classes began shopping together
Changed downtown area - Became a place for everyone not just the working people
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Catalogs and RFD
Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs brought goods to small towns
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Catalogs and RFD
1896 – Post office introduced Rural free delivery (RFD) - post office delivers direct to every home
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Homework
Study for Ch 16 Test You may use your
notes