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Part 3: Pasture Improvement
and the Grazier’s Toolbox
- MARCH 3, 2020-
- PRESENTED BY -
Sarah Flack
- HOSTED BY -
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Introductions
Larissa McKenna
Humane Farming Program Director
Email: [email protected]
Website: foodanimalconcernstrust.org/farmer
Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT) is a
national nonprofit organization that
advocates for the safe and humane
production of meat, milk, and eggs.
FACT’s services for livestock and poultry farmers include:
- Fund-a-Farmer Grants
- Conference scholarships
- Free webinars
- Humane Farming Mentorship Program
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Sarah Flack
Our Presenter
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"The material in
this presentation
is copyrighted
and not for use
without the
express written
permission of
the author.”
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Pasture Management
Part 1 February 4th: Grazing from the plant perspective
Part 2 February 18th: Grazing from the livestock perspective
Part 3 March 3rd: Pasture improvement
and the grazier’s toolbox
Articles, free webinars and videos available
Sarahflackconsulting.com
Copyright Sarah Flack
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How do we create
Diversity, Digestibility,
Quality, Productivity & Palatability
over a Longer Grazing Season?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Graziers Tool Box
Copyright Sarah Flack
• Observation skills
• Variable regrowth periods
• Post grazing residual
• Pre grazing height
• Stocking rate
• Stocking density
• Trampling
• Fallowing
• Clipping
• Tillage, aeration, seeding, fertilizing…
• Humility
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Observation Tools:
What is the animal telling us?
Rumen Fill
Body Cond.
Rate of gain
Reproduction
Manure scoring
MUNs
Milk Production
Heat stress?
BehaviorCopyright Sarah Flack
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Pasture & Soil
WHAT IS YOUR FARM TELLING YOU
ABOUT YOUR GRAZING
MANAGEMENT?
What is improving?
What is not improving?
What is getting worse?
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Copyright Sarah Flack
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Monitor to
catch
problems
EARLY
Everything seemed fine til we got 17 inches of rain… or til it didn’t rain for 8 weeks!
Copyright Sarah Flack
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AN IMPROVING PASTURE WILL HAVE
• Closer plant spacing/ higher plant density
• Less bare soil visible
• More rapid plant growth
• Plants growing over a longer growing period
• High soil biological activity - manure decomposes more rapidly
• More plant species - high diversity
• More Perennial plant species
• Good soil structure and fertility
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“The management of
the pasture is even of
more importance than
the selection of the
seed and the
preparation of the
land.”-1898 Robert H. Elliot
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Improving & maintaining pasture
quality & productivity
Re-seeding
Soil improvement
Good Grazing Management
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Grazing Guidelines
• Variable regrowth periods & plant
height & stage of maturity
• Short periods of occupation to
create different stocking density &
residuals & prevent re-grazing of
recovering plants
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Understanding Over Grazing• Over grazing occurs when
livestock graze a plant
while it is still growing from
carbohydrate reserves,
rather than from active
photosynthesis
• Over grazing commonly
occurs when animals stay
in a paddock for too long, or
are returned to a paddock
too soon.Copyright Sarah Flack
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Untoward Acceleration
A Common Rotational Grazing Mistake
This term, used by Andre Voisin in his book Grass
Productivity, describes what happens when
paddocks are not rested long enough between
each grazing. This creates a situation where each
grazing of the paddock provides less forage and
the re-growth period gets shorter throughout the
grazing season until most of the plants are
overgrazed and there is little or no feed left.
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Common Over Grazing
Situations
•Taking down interior fences when pasture
growth slows in the fall to let livestock
“clean up” the pastures.
• Leaving animals in a pasture for too
many days in a row.
• Having a fixed grazing rotation
•Clipping after regrowth has started.
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Short plants that never grow
tall no matter how long you let
them grow?
Low plant density &
Weeds!
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But this is also overgrazing…
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Protect the:
Crown
Growing Points
And plant energy
reserves
Copyright Sarah Flack
Don’t let
livestock graze
too short!
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Adding more
paddocks or
grazing cells =
more control over
period of
occupation &
regrowth period &
stocking density
& trampling &
residualCopyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
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Is it a pasture or a heavy use area?
Do they have access in winter?
When is feeding hay out on pasture in
winter damaging the soil and when is it
a helpful way to build soil fertility?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Soil Test
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Saturated wet
soils?
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Biological
activity
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Graziers tools: Stock Density:
Trampling, manure distribution
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Stocking Density
= the number of
animals or pounds
of animals per acre
in the individual
paddock at a
specific time
Stocking Rate
= the total number
of animals on the
whole acreage –
may include both
cropland for winter
feed and pasture
Copyright Sarah Flack
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WHICH STOCKING DENSITY?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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White, S.L., Sheffield, R.E., Washburn, S.P., King, L.D., and Green, J.T. Jr. Spatial and time
distribution of dairy cattle manure in an intensive pasture system. J. Environ. Quality. 2001; 30:
2180–2187
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
Higher
stocking
densities
create more
trampling
impact, and
more
thorough
defoliation
and more
efficient
forage
utilization
BUT
May not be
ideal for
some animal
groups!
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• 50 Jerseys moved to
a new 4 acre
paddock every 3
days is 12,500
lbs/acre.
• If they are moved
once a day into a
fresh 1 ¼ acre
paddock is 40,000
lbs/acre
• If you moved them
twice a day to a
paddock that is .63
acres there are
80,000 lbs/acreCopyright Sarah Flack
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How often do I have TIME to move them? And what technology can I use to have
higher stock density with less labor?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Figure credit: White, Harlan E. and Dale D. Wolf. 2009. Controlled Grazing of Virginia’s Pastures. Virginia Cooperative
Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University.
How much forage is available per acre to support high
density grazing? Is it digestible enough to meet livestock
needs? What stock density works best for the livestock
group? What density is best for your pasture
improvement goal?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Practice calculating your
stocking density• 82 cows getting 2 acres per day. They
average 1250 lbs each.
• What is the S.D. if they get one paddock
per day (2 acres?)
• What is the S.D. if they get a fresh
paddock after each milking?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Practice calculating your
stocking density• 82 cows getting 2 acres per day. They
average 1250 lbs each.
• What is the S.D. if they get one paddock
per day (2 acres?)
– 82 x 1250 lbs = 102500 lbs/2 acres
– = 51250 lbs/acre
• What is the S.D. if they get a fresh
paddock after each milking?
– 102,500 lbs/acreCopyright Sarah Flack
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Trampling – useful tool OR
damaging your pastures?
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
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This was grazed the last time with a higher
stocking density on the left.
Lower density on right.
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
Post Grazing Residual
& when to clip?all
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Leaving litter & residual is good
insurance in a drought year!
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Clipping, Mowing, Pruning?
Copyright Sarah Flack
• Should I clip?
• When is it worth the time and money?
• Is the goal to increase DMI or improve
pasture or both?
• Immediately after grazing (don’t let it start
to regrow!)
• How short is too short?
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Copyright Sarah Flack
Some plants don’t tolerate severe
trampling or too frequent trampling
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Copyright Sarah Flack
Bunch, sod forming & elongating grasses
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decisions on pre grazing height, length of
regrowth period and how much residual to
leave will change plant species composition
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Copyright Sarah Flack
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Letting grasses
get too tall too
frequently can
shade out shorter
sod forming
pasture plants and
lower overall plant
density
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Plants grow
differently at
different times of the
year.
So use different
stocking densities at
different times of the
year, and leave a
different amount of
residual to meet
your pasture
improvement goal.Copyright Sarah Flack
Spring vs summer vs fall
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Re-seeding? Choose the Right
Plant Species!
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Trample seeding
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Cow pie seeding
Copyright Sarah Flack
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Reseeding
Copyright Sarah Flack
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How to maximize Pasture DMI?
Higher density of plants with vegetative
leaf areaShort periods of occupation.
Long enough regrowth time to allow ideal pre grazing
height.
How to improve pastures?Short period of occupation.
Long enough regrowth time to allow plants to fully
recover.Copyright Sarah Flack
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Upcoming webinars March 12: Managing Pig-Poultry Rotational Grazing
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March 25: Trees for Livestock Food and Medicine
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