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1. ___ Medicaid2. ___ Great Society3. ___ Elementary and
Secondary Education Act
4. ___ Volunteers in Service to America (AmeriCorps)
5. ___ Medicare6. ___ War on Poverty7. ___ Corporation for
Public Broadcasting
a. National health insurance
program for people over age 65
b. Like a 2nd New Dealc. Provided $1.3 billion to
schools in poor areasd. Free health care for the
needye. A domestic version of the
Peace Corpsf. Produced educational
television programmingg. Johnson’s plan to help
the poor of Americah. Large # of reforms to
improve America
Great Society refresher
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Show me you understand these events (e.g. what happened when and where, their impact/effects, if and how they’re connected, etc.):◦Brown v. Board of Education◦Montgomery Bus Boycott◦Little Rock Nine
Complete a draft for Tuesday
Use the Twitter OR Facebook format to do the following
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1. T/F: Brown v. Board made all segregation illegal in America.
2. How were the Little Rock Nine like Jackie Robinson?
3. What is a boycott? Why did African Americans boycott the bus company in Montgomery, Alabama? How did it end?
Warm-up: Discuss answers. Use notes.
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What are some ways to create change when most of the people around you want things to stay the same?
When you’re finished, write the following in your notes section:
Unit: The 1960sLT 2: Civil RightsNonviolent Resistance
Jot down ideas
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Objective: Explain nonviolent resistance and how it is used by the civil rights movement
Take any notes that will help you to meet this objective
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The 1960sToday’s episode:
“Standing Up for Your Rights May Not Require Standing Up at All”
LT 2: Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights
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Year # of People % of Population1900 8.8 million 11.6%1910 9.8 million 10.7%1920 10.5 million 9.9% 1930 11.9 million 9.7%1940 12.9 million 9.8% 1950 15.0 million 10.0% 1960 18.9 million 10.5% 1970 22.6 million 11.1% 1980 26.5 million 11.7% 1990 30.0 million 12.1% 2000 36.6 million 12.3%2009 38.1 million 12.4%
African Americans in America
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Unemployment rate◦Whites: 4.8%◦Nonwhites: 12.1% (2.5x higher)
Living below the poverty line (gov’t estimate)◦Whites: 20%◦Blacks: 50%
The problem: In the spring of 1963…
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Protest strategy involving peaceful demonstrations and no violence
Goal: get sympathy of whites (how?)
Nonviolent (or passive) resistance:
passive is the opposite of active
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1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
◦ MLK Jr.’s group2. Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)◦ Group of Southern student activists
(people who act to support a cause)◦ Organize sit-ins
3. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
◦ Northern civil rights group◦ Organize Freedom Rides
Three nonviolent civil rights groups
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The strategy: non-violence
(5 min)Would you be able to do what they did?
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“Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical (unrealistic) and immoral (morally wrong). It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love.”—MLK, Jr.
If you were in the position of African Americans in the 1960s, would you buy this?
Why nonviolence? King explains
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Could you use nonviolent resistance? Do you agree with the message behind it?◦Keep in mind the things you’d be facing in the South as well as the goal of nonviolent resistance
Discuss
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What do you think a sit-in is?
Can you think of a fairly recent example of a nationwide sit-in?
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Non-violent protest strategy involving sitting in an area and refusing to leave in order to create change
Mostly run by students (SNCC)
Effective - lead to desegregation of many restaurants
Sit-ins
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1. “Don’t strike back if cursed or abused.2. Don’t laugh out.3. Don’t hold conversations with your fellow
workers.4. Don’t leave your seats until your leader has given
you instructions to do so.5. Don’t block entrances to the stores and the
aisles.6. Show yourself courteous and friendly at all times.7. Sit straight and always face the counter.8. Report all serious incidents to your leader.9. Refer all information to your leader in a polite
manner.10. Remember love and nonviolence.”
Sit-in rules
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The 1960sToday’s episode:
Taking the InitiativeLT 2:
Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights
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1. T/F: The Montgomery Bus Boycott helped reduce the fear of standing up to those in power.
2. What is nonviolent resistance? What is its goal and how is it supposed to achieve that goal?
3. What do the SCLC, SNCC, and CORE, each stand for and what do they have in common?
4. What is a sit-in?
Warm-up: discuss using notes if necessary
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1. “Don’t strike back if cursed or abused.2. Don’t laugh out.3. Don’t hold conversations with your fellow
workers.4. Don’t leave your seats until your leader has given
you instructions to do so.5. Don’t block entrances to the stores and the
aisles.6. Show yourself courteous and friendly at all times.7. Sit straight and always face the counter.8. Report all serious incidents to your leader.9. Refer all information to your leader in a polite
manner.10. Remember love and nonviolence.”
Sit-in rules
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Woolworth’s, Greensboro, NC February 1, 1960
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Bob Moses, an African American, on seeing a photo in the newspaper of the Greensboro sit-in: ◦“The students in that picture had a
certain look on their faces, sort of sullen, angry, determined. Before, the Negro in the South had always looked on the defensive, cringing. This time they were taking the initiative. They were kids my age, and I knew this had something to do with my own life.”
The effect of the sit-ins
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W/in two weeks, sit-ins spread to 15 cities in 5 southern states
W/in 12 months, over 50,000 people participate in protests in 100 cities
The sit-ins spread
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In the year after Greensboro, 3,600 are put in jail for protesting
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The Greensboro sit-in (4:40)
Lost and Found (6:12)
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At the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C., today
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ClosureDown the aisle
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The 1960sToday’s episode:
Violence=Progress
LT 2: Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights
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1. What was the goal of nonviolent or passive resistance?
2. What is a sit-in?3. What happened at a Woolworth’s in
Greensboro, NC, and what was the effect?
Warm-up: discuss with the person closest to you
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Background info◦December 1960: Supreme Court rules that
segregation in places serving interstate travelers (people traveling between states), e.g. bus stations, is illegal
Freedom Riders: groups of blacks and whites who go on bus trips through South to draw attention to violations of the Supreme Court’s decision
Freedom Rides (1961)
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Freedom Rides
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Outside Birmingham, Alabama
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Notes: What happens in Birmingham and Mississippi?
American Experience: Freedom Riders
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The 1960sToday’s episode:
Violence=Progress
LT 2:Civil and Constitutional Rights
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1. T/F: The Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins, and freedom rides, are all examples of effective nonviolent resistance.
2. What is the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Woolworth sit-in? In other words, what impact do they have on the civil rights movement?
3. What are the freedom rides? What’s the point? What happens when the riders get to Birmingham, Alabama?
Warm-up: discuss
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Notes: What happens in Birmingham and Mississippi?
American Experience: Freedom Riders
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Effect: Bus desegregation is finally enforced
Success inspires many to actively participate in civil rights movement
“Black folks always lived in fear of white folks. And now they’re seeing young people defying white people. And so we helped to get rid of that impotence.”
Freedom Rides
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Meanwhile, as the Freedom Rides occur…
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1. Police respond
nonviolently by
jailing all protesters
2. Lack of violence
means no news
coverage
3. Protest fails
Failed Protest in Albany, Georgia, 1961
“Protest becomes an effective tactic to the degree that it [brings forth] brutality and
oppression from the power structure.”—Bayard Rustin, civil rights activist
If this is true, then what should the activists do?
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Into the lion’s den…“The worst
city for race in
the whole United States”
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“As for [police chief] Bull Connor and the City of Birmingham, it was true that they constituted
the hardest and most mean-spirited establishment in the South. Yet if we beat them on their own home grounds, we might be able to prove to the entire region that it was useless to
resist desegregation, that its time had finally come. To win in Birmingham might well be to
win in the rest of the nation. So in the long run the gamble [of confronting violence in
Birmingham] might actually save time and lives in our struggle for equality.”
—Ralph Abernathy, civil rights activist
Why go to Birmingham?
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As weeks go by, number of protesters declines
To save the protest, leaders suggest using schoolchildren◦“A boy from high school, he can get the
same effect in terms of being in jail, in terms of putting pressure on the city, as his father—and yet there is no economic threat on the family because the father is still on the job.”
—James Bevel, civil rights activist
Birmingham protest April-May 1963
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What effect does the Children’s March
have?Birmingham 1963
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Birmingham, May 1963
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Birmingham, May 1963
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Birmingham, May 1963
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May 2: “Children’s
March” -more than 1,000
youths march, police arrest ~600
May 3: protests continue;
police chief orders attack using dogs, fire hoses, nightsticks
Public support
increases when
images appear in the news
June 11: JFK asks
Congress to pass law
ending ALL segregation
Success in Birmingham, 1963
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“One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free….
Are we to say…that this is the land of the free, except for Negroes, that we have no second-class citizens, except Negroes…? Now the time has come for the nation to fulfill its promise…
Those who do nothing are inviting shame as well as violence. Those who act boldly are recognizing right as well as reality…”
—JFK, announcing that he will be proposing a civil rights law to Congress
JFK to Congress, June 11, 1963
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Freedom Riders1:45:25
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Protesters were arrested
ALBANY protest
Police don’t use violence.
Protest fails.
BIRMINGHAM protest
Police use violence,
protesters gain support. Protest
succeeds.Lesson of the Albany and Birmingham
protests: Civil rights progress only happens when peaceful protests are met
with violence
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The exchange student (4:57)
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The 1960sToday’s episode:
Toilet Paper and Newspaper Margins
LT 2:Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights
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1. What impact does the Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins, and freedom rides, have on the civil rights movement?
2. Explain how the civil rights movement shifts from activism in the courts to activism in the streets
3. Explain “violence = progress” and connect the Children’s March to JFK
Warm-up: discuss
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail