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— NOAA / USGS Cooperative Program —
Simulation of Coastal Wastewater Injection in Hawaii using SUTRA
… and the Value of Compelling Visualizations in Conveying Results
to the Non-Specialist Public
Chip Hunt
U.S. Geological Survey, Honolulu, HI
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Lahaina
Kahului
Maui Municipal Wastewater Injection Sites
1500 m
3000 m
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Photo: Jennifer Smith
Nuisance algal blooms …… are land-derived nutrients a contributing factor ?
Hypnea musciformisFunding by NOAA ECOHAB (Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algae Blooms)
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ObjectivesEstimate ground-water nutrient loads
Identify useful wastewater tracers
Answer injection-plume questions:- Where does it go?- “We inject this stuff, and if it gets to the
coast …”
- Plume width at coast?
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Dryland forest, low-intensity ranching
Resort / urban coastal strip
Sugar cane(fertilizers)
1500 m
3000 m
Some
smal
l
farm
s on
upp
er
road
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Photo: Univ. of Photo: Univ. of Hawaii Coastal Hawaii Coastal Geology GroupGeology Group
Sugar caneSugar cane
CondominiumsCondominiums
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Photo: Univ. of Hawaii Coastal Geology Group
Dryland scrub-forest Dryland scrub-forest in uplandsin uplands
Resorts / Resorts / condoscondos
Suburban residentialSuburban residential
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Photo: NOAA Coastal
Habitat Atlas
Shallow fringing reef
+/-1m
No fringing reef
No fringing reef
Basalt promontory
Basalt promontory
Kalama Kalama ParkPark
Approximate plume extent
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Photo: NOAA Coastal Habitat Atlas
Sand beach; Sand beach; no fringing reef no fringing reef
Basalt promontory Basalt promontory
Basalt promontory Basalt promontory
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11,400 m3/d injected effluent
Ambient GW flow 6,600 m3/d per km coast
Plume 1.5 km wide
N=7.3 mg/L= 6x Background conc
P=1.7 mg/L= 26x Background conc
13 km
coast
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3-D Ground-Water ModelCode: SUTRA (Voss & Provost, 2002, USGS)
Variable-density flow & solute transport
Solute = Salt (freshwater-saltwater flow)
DID NOT simulate nutrient transport
Post-processing to visualize plume, GW age
Kh= 3000 m/d Kh:Kv anisotropy=200:1
aL = 76 m aT = .022 m
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Model Mesh
74,592 elements 63
x 37 vertical
32
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Saltwater
Saltwater
circulation
Recharge nodes vFreshwater Lens (Natural flow)
Freshwater
Mixing zone
Mixing zoneBrackish waterBrackish water
Visualizations via
Model Viewer (Hsieh and Winston, 2002, USGS)
< Constant pressure nodes
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Salinity Visualization3% l
edge
3% l
edge
Injection Plume is BuoyantInjection Plume is Buoyant
20%20%
40%40%
60%60%
80%80%
3%3%
Percent Percent seawaterseawater
100%100%
Effluent = 1% salinity (buoyant)Effluent = 1% salinity (buoyant) ShorelineShoreline
- looking northwest- looking northwest
Injection interval Injection interval -14 to -58 m within mixing -14 to -58 m within mixing
zone and saltwater)zone and saltwater)
3% l
edge
Upstream shoulder
(fluid fresher than 3% removed)
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Velocity vectors show Velocity vectors show regional flow diverging regional flow diverging around plumearound plume
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Salinity Visualization
Salinity100%
0%3%
ledge
Upstream shoulder
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Effluent-Tracer Visualization
100%
20%
Percent effluent
fluid more than 90% effluent
removed
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Plume internal structure, 20% shells
100%
0%
Percent effluent
20%20%40%40%
60%60%80%80%
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100%
5%
Percent effluent
Plume width1.5 km at shore
60% effluent at shore (yellow)
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Cove Park Cove Park
Kalama Kalama Park Park
Welekahao RdWelekahao Rd
Halama St Halama St
algae sitealgae site
Lipoa St Lipoa St
algae sitealgae site
Lipoa StLipoa St
Superimpose over tax map
and landmarks
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Ground-Water Ageat Water Table Years
fluid younger than 1 year removed
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100%
0%
Percent effluent
Downgradient well in plume was anoxic, with wastewater tracers, denitrification, and heavy d15N
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Algal tissue 15N
highest near plume
HypneaHypnea
UlvaUlva
C. Smith, J. Smith, C. Smith, J. Smith, Univ. of HawaiiUniv. of Hawaii
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Nutrient load per kilometer coast(kg / day – km coast)
Upland background N=7.8P=.44
Injected N= 55 ( 7xB)P= 13 (30xB)
1.5km13 km
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Attenuated* wastewater nutrient load(kg / day – km coast)
Attenuated N= 27=3.5xB was 7x….
P=1.5=3.4xB was 30x….
1.5km13 km
* very speculative, based on just
1 well in plume
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Houses on cess- pools
Injection
Urban Nutrient Load? Don’t know.
??
Background
Fertilizers
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… rough work but somebody’s gotta do it
Enough modeling, let’s go lookEnough modeling, let’s go lookWading survey for wastewater tracers
Photo: Joshua Marvit, Hawaii Dept. of Health
Funding: Hawaii Dept. of Health, USEPA
Water-quality meter and GPS
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Smaller platform: coolers
strapped together
Multiparameter water-quality
meter
GPS unit
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Even better:
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Approximate plume extent
Wading Salinity (red=freshest)
Injection wells
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Approximate plume extent
Fabric-Brightener Fluorescence (water-column samples)
Injection wells
Also:
- Caffeine- Carbamazepine- NO3= 2-4 mg/L- Algal 15N= 18 * (* Meghan Dailer)
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Funding by NOAA ECOHAB (Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algae Blooms)
Online report: