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DISTRIBUTEDDISTRIBUTED COMPUTINGCOMPUTING Sunita MahajanSunita Mahajan, Principal, Institute of Computer Science, MET League of Colleges, Mumbai
Seema ShahSeema Shah, Principal, Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, Mumbai University
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© Oxford University Press 2011
Chapter - 2Network Communication
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Topics
• LAN and WAN technologies • Protocols for Network Systems • Asynchronous Transfer Mode • Protocols for Distributed Systems
– VMTP– FLIP
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LAN and WAN Technologies
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LAN and WAN Technologies
• Introduction to LAN and WAN
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Classification of Networks
• Based on number of interconnected nodes and type of communication link used – LAN, – MAN,– WAN, – WLAN – Internetwork
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Evolution of network transmission speeds
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MAN
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Classification of WLAN
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Internetworks
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Wireless application protocols- WAP
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Protocols for Network Systems
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Protocols for network systems
• Protocol is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over the network medium.
• Protocol supports transparency• Protocols for networks
– ISO/OSI– IP
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ISO/OSI Reference Model
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Functions of OSI layers
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Functions of OSI Layers
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Elements in layered service:
– Service user– Service provider – Service Access Point (SAP)
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Control information in OSI layers
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Data encapsulation in OSI protocol data
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Internet Protocol
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OSI vs IP
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Major functions of the IP protocol
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Major functions of the IP protocol
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Major functions of the IP protocol
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TCP and IP layers at a glance
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode
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Introduction to ATM
• Uses fixed length packets called cells, • Achieves fast speed by avoiding flow control
and error checking.
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ATM classification
• ATM can be classified as CBR and VBR based on the type and volume of data transmitted.
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ATM virtual circuit
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ATM Reference Model
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ATM Layer functions
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ATM Standards
• Standard A: – The User-Network Interface (UNI) standard contains the Generic Flow
Control field (GFC) and Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) one-octet field.
• Standard B:– The Network-Network Interface (NNI) has one and a half octets long
VPI but does not contain the GFC field.
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ATM layer standards
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Functions of the ATM Layer field headers
Header Bit Function
GFC • 4 bits in the cell header•Controls the amount of traffic entering the network•All 0 s indicate uncontrolled cell so gets last precedence
VPI and VCI • VPI contains 8 bits and VCI contains 16 bit field in header•Determines the path and channels for the cell to traverse
PTI •3 bits in header•Distinguishes between data and control cells, which can be transmitted on different channels
CLP •1 bit in header•When set, indicates that the cell can be discarded during congestion
HEC • 8 bits in the header•Contains the checksum of the header to protect from transmission errors
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ATM Adaptation Layers
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ATM Layer functions
Layer/Sublayer Function
ATM adaptation layer Convergence sublayer Segmentation and reassembly sublayer
Convergence
Segmentation and reassembly
ATM layer Generic flow controlCell header generation/extractionCell VPI/VCI translationCell multiplex and demultiplex
Physical layer Transmission convergence sublayer
Physical medium sublayer
Cell rate decouplingHBC header generation/checkCell delineation
Bit timingPhysical medium
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Protocols for Distributed Systems
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Protocols for Distributed Systems
• VMTP- – Versatile Message Transfer Protocol
• FLIP—– Fast local Internet Protocol
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Requirements of Distributed Systems
• Transparency• Client server based communication • Group communication • Security • Network management• Scalability
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VMTP- Versatile Message Transfer Protocol
• Supports request response behavior• Provides transparency and group
communication facility, selective retransmission mechanism, rate based control flow control
• Supports execution of non idempotent operations and conditional delivery of real time communication.
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VMTP packet format
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VMTP client server interaction
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FLIP--Fast local Internet Protocol
• Connectionless protocol• Provides
– Transparency for process migration – Secure message delivery– Group management- private and public addresses – Network management – Efficient client server based communication
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FLIP box interface
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Summary
• LAN and WAN technologies • Protocols for Network Systems • Asynchronous Transfer Mode • Protocols for Distributed Systems
– VMTP– FLIP