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PERIODIC TRENDS!!
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VALENCE ELECTRONS Valence electrons: Electrons in the
highest energy level
These electrons are the ones that bond!! The group A # matches how many
valence electrons
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
Group # # of valence electrons
1 or 1A 1
2 or 2A 2
13 or 3A 3
14 or 4A 4
15 or 5A 5
16 or 6A 6
17 or 7A 7
18 or 8A 8
Group 13-18. # of valence electrons equal to group number - 10
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YOU CAN PREDICT THE CHARGE OF THE IONS
Octet rule: atoms will gain or lose electrons to have a full energy level (8 electrons)
Period number responds to how many energy levels an atom has
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PREDICTING CHARGES OF IONS
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ION SIZE TRENDS
ION: an atom that lost or gained electrons Cation: metal atom that loses e- (+) Anion: nonmetal atom that gain e- (-)
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ALL CATS HAVE PAWS (AND ARE MEAN)
(cation is positive: metals)
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PERIODIC TRENDS
There are 4 trends of the periodic table you will need to know Ionic Size Atomic Size
Electronegativity
Ionization Energy
Need to know how AND why they trend the way they do.
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1. IONIC SIZE TRENDS
Cations are smaller than their neutral
atoms
Because they lost an electron and energy
level Anions are larger than their neutral
atoms Because they gain electrons (which repulse
one another)
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IONIC SIZE EXAMPLE
Ex 1: Which is larger? Mg or Mg2+
Ans: Mg Ex 2: Which is larger?
S or S2-
Ans: S2-
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2. ATOMIC SIZE
The size of the atom
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2. ATOMIC SIZE
Atomic size increases as you move: from right to left in a period from top to bottom in a group Francium has the largest size
Fr
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ATOMIC SIZE REASON
Going from Left to Right Gets smaller because you add more
protons to nucleus and then pull in the electrons
Going Down Gets larger because you add energies
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ATOMIC SIZE EXAMPLE
Ex. 1: Arrange the following elements in order of their decreasing size. P(15), Mg(12), S(16)
Ans: Mg,P, S
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3. ELECTRONEGATIVITY TRENDS
Electronegativity is a measure of the
ability of an atom to attract electrons
from another atom
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY TRENDS
Electronegativity increases as you move: from left to right across a period from bottom to top in a group
Fluorine (9) is the most electronegative element
F
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY REASON
Electronegativity is opposite of atomic size, because the smaller the atom…the more electrons are attracted to the nucleus
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TRENDS IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Why are the noble gases not on here??!
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY EXAMPLE
Arrange the following in order of their increasing electronegativity. Rb(37), I(53), Sn(50)
Ans: Rb, Sn, I
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4. IONIZATION ENERGY TRENDS
The ionization energy is the energy
needed to remove an electron from a
gaseous atom.
The higher ionization energy, the harder it
is to pull off electrons
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IONIZATION ENERGY TRENDS
Ionization energy increases as you move: from left to right across a period from bottom to top in a group
Helium (2) has the highest ionization energy
He
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IONIZATION ENERGY
Reason: The smaller the atom, the closer electrons are to nucleus so higher the ionization energy
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IONIZATION ENERGY EXAMPLE
Arrange the following in order of increasing ionization energy. He(2), Xe(54), Ar(18)
Ans: Xe, Ar, He
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PERIODIC TRENDS SUMMARY
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METAL REACTIVITY TRENDS Metal reactivity increases as you
move: right to left across a period top to bottom in a group
Francium (87) is the most reactive metal
Fr
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NON-METAL REACTIVITY TRENDS
Non-metal reactivity increases as you move: left to right across a period bottom to top in a group
Fluorine (9) is the most reactive non-metal
F
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REACTIVITY EXAMPLES
Ex. 1: Which is more reactive? Fe(26) or Co(27) Ans: Fe
Ex. 2: Which is less reactive? Cl(17) or F(9) Ans: Cl