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What disease killed 300-500 million people worldwide but has since been eradicated from the human population?
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Progression:› Rash› Pus-filled blisters› Disfiguration and/or
blindness› Death rate = 30%
Man with smallpox; Public Health ImagesLibrary. Source: CDC
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The first vaccine
Edward Jenner 1749 - 1823
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Made with cowpox virus Side effects: red spot, pustules, scabs,
leaves a scar. Fever is common, swelling. Fatal complications are rare:
› 1 death per million vaccines
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1967: WHO announces global smallpox eradication program.› Still 15 million new cases a year then
1977: Last reported naturally occurring case in Somalia.› Smallpox is the only disease totally
eradicated in humans
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Routine vaccination discontinued in 1972
Vaccines controversial today
Project BioShield Act of 2004
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Ring around the rosy,A pocket full of posies,
Ashes… Ashes,We all fall down!
Written in London in 1665
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Great fire of London finally killed the rats
The brown rat, house rat, sewer rat, Norway rat = carriers of Bubonic Plague
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Gangrene caused by plague
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CDC
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13 cases reported in Oregon (5 fatal) since 1970.
Mostly spread from fleas of infected rodents.
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E. coli normally live in the intestines.› Most strains of e.
coli are harmless› Harmful e. coli are
transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected person.
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Severe stomach cramps
Diarrhea (usually bloody)
Vomiting Fever (low grade)
Treatment / Prevention
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42,000 cases reported every year.
Causes diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps
A result of contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.
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Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left untreated.
Five types of botulism:› Foodborne› Wound› Infant› Adult intestinal› Iatrogenic
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Symptoms include:› Double vision, blurred vision, drooping
eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness.
Antitoxin is available for treatment
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Proper food handling› Especially in food preservation
› Be wary of dented, bulging cans
Botulism’s not all bad….
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Caused by parasite› Transmitted by mosquito
› Once injected into the human, the parasite grows and multiples first in the liver and then the red blood cells.
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About 1,500 cases reported every year in the U.S.› From travelers and/or immigrants› Malaria considered eradicated from U.S. in
1950’s. 3.3 billion people diagnosed worldwide
› Thrives in tropical and subtropical areas.
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Fever Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy
nose Muscle or body
aches Fatigue Headaches
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Flu seasons vary from year to year
About 20% of US population infected every year› Higher among susceptible populations
Three main types of flu virus: Types A, B & C› Type A causes the greatest morbidity and
mortality Example: H1N1 (2009 Epidemic)
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Since the late 19th century, four occurrences of pandemics› 1889-1891; 1918-1920; 1957-1958; 1968-
1969 2009; H1N1
› Was that the pandemic for our time??
Type A cycles every 50-100 years
What’s different about Type A influenza?
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20-33% world’s population is infected with TB› Majority of the above = “Dormant TB”
Can be dormant for 30 years
› Only 5-10% will become “active” TB
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TB bacteria produces nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing› Airborne
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Public.health.oregon.gov
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus› Staph bacteria resistant to certain
antibiotics called beta-lactams.
Often appears as pustule or boil› May think of a spider bite at first.
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HA-MRSA = Health care acquired› More serious and potentially deadly
CA-MRSA = Community acquired› Anyone is at risk
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Contaminated Surfacesand Shared Items
Frequent Contact
Cleanliness
Crowding
Compromised Skin
Antimicrobial Use
(CDC, 2012)
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Newberg, Oregon… › High schooler spread MRSA through
tattoos, several students infected.› Mainly spread through unclean needles.
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus› April 2012 – present› Currently under investigation
› SARS-like virus
› Symptoms: fever, cough, shortness of breath
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Ebola
Flesh-eating disease
Mad cow
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Kissing disease
African Sleeping Sickness
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Acne
Ulcer
Bad breath
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Giardia
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HAV HBV HCV
U.S. Stats 25,000 new infections/yr
43,000 new infections/yr
17,000 new infections/yr
Transmission Ingestion of fecal matter
Contact w/ infectious body fluids
Contact w/ infected blood
Severity Usually no lasting damage, rarely fatal
Most fully recover; Some develop liver disease; ~3,000 die / yr
60-70% develop chronic liver disease; 1-5% will die from liver cancer
Vaccine? Vaccine available
Vaccine available
No vaccine
Symptoms Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice
CDC, 2012
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus = The cause of AIDS
AIDS = the end-stage of HIV disease
What exactly is HIV / AIDS?› How does it affect the immune system?
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About 30-40 million people worldwide are living with HIV› How many of those live in the US?
Approximately 1 million
› Approximately 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have HIV
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ELISA, confirmed with Western Blot Positive P24 antigen test Home tests
› Recently approved
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The Affordable Care Act of 2010› Reduce number of new
infections› Increase access to care› Reduce HIV-related
disparities
2013 Budget› Estimated $28.4 billion
for domestic and global HIV/AIDS activities
Prevention campaigns
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Gonorrhea
Syphilis