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5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE FRONTIERS OF
PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY
April 21, 2011, Singapore
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Outline
• Early history – the underpinnings in Basic Studies
• Tokamak program – Aditya and SST-1
- Some highlights
- present status
• Technology program
• ITER-India
• Future roadmap - DEMO
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5
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Programs at IPR
• Fundamental Plasma sciences
• Industrial applications
• Fusion Technology
Development
• ITER Collaboration
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LVPD
BETA
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8
Existing tokamak devices ADITYA and SST-1
ADITYA
SST-1
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9
ADITYA TOKAMAK
• First Tokamak designed by IPR and
fabricated in India.
• Commissioned in September 1989
• Physics :
– Plasma edge-sol experimental
study led to the discovery of
plasma phenomena
“intermittency” and later to
observe, blob transport, etc.
• Realized technologies:
– Large volume UHV toroidal vessel,
– large copper magnets,
– various plasma diagnostics,
position and current control
systems
• Technologies for next device:
– RF heating and current drive systems developed and tested
in this machine
Achievements
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9%'%$7(%OA%/,2%$7+(,$(FC4EGF(
• Fluctuation suppression
using gas puff [PPCF 51
(2009) 095010]
• Discharges with –ve spikes
followed by +ve spikes
[Phys. Plasmas (2010)]
(
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Experiment
Lo
op
Vo
lta
ge
(V
olt)
Minor Radius (cm)
Simulation
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14
ADITYA RF Systems
A 28 GHz 200kW Gyrotron based ECRH system
A 20-40 MHz 200 kW ICRH system for heating
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Expected parameters
• n~2x1019 m-3 (nGreenwald ~ 1.8x1020 @ 220kA)
• Te~1.5-3 keV
• Ti~1 keV
• τE~10-20 ms
• τp~30-60 ms
• τcd~1-10 sec (current diffusion time)
• τwall~100-1000 sec
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Beam
Voltage
(kV)
Extracted
current
(A)
Extracted
Ion Beam
Power
(MW)
NB
Power
(MW)
30 (H) 35 1 0.5
55 (H) 90 5 1.7
80 (H) 60 4.8 1.5
;(
6(
[\
i
L
>
1. Ion source (PINI) 4 .Deflection Magnet
2 . Gate valve 5 .Cryo Condenstation pump
3 .Neutralizer IInd stage 6 .Ion Dump 7. Beam dump
High voltage power supplies
SST-1 NBI system
100kW beam intercepted by a beam dump
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LHCD system 3.7 GHz
ECRH LFS Launcher
ECRH system 82.6 GHz
SST-1 RF system
ICRH system 20-40,91.2 MHz
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Summary of research program of SST-1
• SST-1 tokamak will explore a unique regime of long pulse operation with reactor-like first-wall geometry,
time-integrated heat and particle fluence and similar q-
profiles
• How to retain good confinement modes in steady-state
will be a major focus
• The key issues in AT :maintaining a stable equilibrium by
feedback stabilization of locked modes, RWMs, NTMs and control of ELMs for enhancing performance in
steady state – will be researched upon for generating a
database for future reactors(
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24
To Study Physics of Plasma
Processes under steady-state
conditions
• Particle Control
• Heat removal
• Current maintenance
SST-1 Progress:
• First assembled in 2004
• Integral testing continued up to 2007
• Leaks were identified and
analyzed
• New techniques developed to
resolve this and refurbishment was initiated
• Joints with sub nano-ohms
developed, tested & implemented
• 5 K SHe cooled bubble type shields developed
• TF coils tested successfully
• Expected first plasma – Dec.
2012
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TF Magnets are through !
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ITER-India
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General
• India formally joined the ITER Project in the year 2005.
• ITER-India is an empowered group created in Institute for
Plasma Research (IPR) to deliver the Indian commitments to
the ITER project.
• IPR is committed to the long term fusion reactor
programme.
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ITER-India Personnel Distribution
?R'
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Procurement Packages
Diagnostic Neutral Beam
RF sources with monitoring and control for IC H&CD
Gyrotrons for plasma start up
Power supplies for DNB, RF, Gyrotrons
Cryo distribution and Cryo line system
Cryostat
Vacuum Vessel In-Wall Shields
Component Cooling, Chilled Water & Heat Rejection System
S(.'S7*4J6*10'(A)4$T41J6*U(+E/.'+7$0&'&6'/5$*&'
Diagnostics
Upper Port Plug
?>'
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• Reinforced, single walled vacuum
vessel with dome-shaped top and
flat-bottom head
• Overall Dia. ~ height ~29 m, about
400 penetrations, fully welded 50
mm thick SS304
• Provides a vacuum environment to
avoid excessive thermal loads to
t h e c r y o g e n i c a l l y c o o l e d
components
• Transfers all loads to the floor
through pedestal columns
• Provides a secondary confinement
barrier
• Passive removal of decay heat by
gas conduction and convection
CRYOSTAT & VVPSS
?='
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• Only diagnostics for Helium ash measurement. Supports CXRS, BES Diagnostics
• Package Type BTP with some FS & DD components
• Negative H beam, ~60 Amp accelerated & ~20 Amp neutral current injected to
ITER at 100 keV. Development of Beam Source & transport involves R&D
• Configuration similar to HNB enabling same maintenance protocol
DIAGNOSTIC NEUTRAL BEAM INJECTOR
NB Cell
DNB integrated 3D view
VW'
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Aditya
Fusion Plasma Research
Tokamak DEMO Reactor
ITER
ITER&DEMO Physics Support Activities
Component Technology
Test Blanket Module
Blanket Technology Heavy Irradiation
Material Testing Facility Structure Development
Structural Material Dev.
Fusion Engineering
Research
SST-1
Roadmap for Tokamak Reactor Development
Int. Test
Future
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)*+,-$(E%':$-8-#0(5%M%8-A2%$7(
1/-#/"2(
• C%+,#$(-3(C.!S(/%"'7-/(
• 4$7%#/"7%5(A:0+,'+(2-5%8,$#(
• !"#$%7+(5%M%8-A2%$7(A/-#/"2(
• C%M%8-A,$#(C,M%/7-/("$5(,7+(/%8"7%5(7%':$-8-#,%+(
• RRP(^/0-A*2A("$5(3*%8,$#(7%':$-8-#,%+(
• !"7%/,"8+(5%M%8-A2%$7(A/-#/"2(D(E%+7(3"',8,&%+(
• NNI4(+0+7%2(
• 9)(+0+7%2(
• I8"$H%7(+0+7%2(
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Road Map envisaged for next twenty years
~2m X 1.8m
SST1:5T,NbTi
~MJ (2005)
~ 4m X 3m
Prototype
6T ,12 T
NbTi, Nb3Sn
Tens of MJ
(2012)
Nb3Sn, Nb3Al
Hundreds of MJ
(2017)
> 12 T
~ 12m X 11m
DEMO relevant
> 12 T
Nb3Sn, Nb3Al GJ class
(2027)
ID 0.6 m X OD 0.9m
ID 1.6m X OD 2.8 m ID 2.0m X OD 4.0 m
Prototype-I
6T, NbTi,
~MJ (2011)
Prototype-II:12 T,Nb3Sn
~ hundreds MJ (2012-17)
12 T, Nb3Sn
~ hundreds MJ (2027)
Magnet Program
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IPR & AFD(BARC) have launched a joint initiative towards realizing fusion grade superconductors (NbTi) & Nb3Sn &
Cable-in-conduit-conductors (CICC) since Sep 2006. Several critical technologies & mile stones have been
achieved since then (validated experimentally)
Fusion grade CICC designed (NbTi) Cabled strand NbTi
Strand X-section (NbTi, 0.8 mm dia)
Strand (NbTi)
CICC (NbTi) 30 kA, hybrid
Prototype Magnet
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Fusion grade Nb3Sn strand and CICC realization have also been initiated through `Internal Tin’ route for possible PROTOTYPE magnets
Prototype magnet
has been designed
Nb3Sn cables
has been designed
Nb3Sn strands
Trails have begun
Hi Ho Nb rods, OFE Cu
are being developed
Micrograph of pure Nb sample developed
Billet design & billet
OFE Cu billets
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C,M%/7-/(A/-#/"2(
• C,M%/7-/(+:-*85(7"H%(:%"7(8-"5(-3(;\J6K(!dj26(3-/(C.!S(
• !"7%/,"8+(7-(B%(5%M%8-A%5("/%(d(D(dJ"88-0+P(^)^P(I%(
• 9%2-7%(:"$58,$#(7--8+(7-(B%(5%M%8-A%5(7-(,$+A%'7P(:"$58%("$5(
/%A",/(7:%(5,M%/7-/('"++%Y%((
• C%M%8-A,$#(3"B/,'"&-$(7%':$-8-#0("$5(7%+7(3"',8,&%+(7-(b*"8,30(
7:%(5,M%/7-/('-2A-$%$7+((
• C%M%8-A("5M"$'%5(2"7%/,"8+(3-/(C.!S("$5(5%M%8-A(
,$$-M"&M%('-$'%A7+(7-(:"$58%(:,#:(:%"7(X*O((
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'E+N'A56,512'
4$5,"$(EI!(7%"2(,+(5%M%8-A,$#(B-7:(Q,b*,5("$5(@-8,5(
I/%%5%/(B8"$H%7('-$'%A7+?(
(
– :$X7$8'+5))8)5'&3A).'Q%"5JQ,7:,*2('--8%5(^%/"2,'(I/%%5%/(F::Y+G''
FE6'")'&)-&)8'$*'6*)'#10C'6C'HEM9'A65&'*6I?G'
'
– (60$8'+5))8)5'&3A)?(T%8,*2(^--8%5(@-8,5(I/%%5%/(FZY(+G'F(7"I
N6870)'&3A)'&)-J*,'$*'46001"651J6*'Q$&#'6&#)5'
HEM9'A15&*)5-G'
(
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LLCB TBM Parameters
90 % in Pb-Li Li-6 enrichment
350/480 oC Pb-Li inlet/outlet
0.3 MPa He pressure drop in module
8 MPa Helium pressure
350 / 480 oC He inlet/outlet
Helium and Pb-Li Primary coolant
Al2O3 or Other choice
MHD insulation
SS 316 LN IG Neutron reflector / shield
Pb-17Li, Li2TiO3 Breeder
IN-RAFMS Structural material
;V>>(2(Z:](O(KVi=i(2(Za](O(KV\i(2(Z7]((
QQ^I(
Pb-Li Inlet pipe
Pb-Li Outlet pipe
He Inlet/Outlet
concentric pipe
Bottom Plate
Top Plate
Outer Back Plate
Inner Back Plate
Pb-Li Inlet Manifold
First Wall
Ceramic
Breeder
zones
Helium as Purge gas for Tritium extraction
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S7:%/(+0+7%2+(
• )*%8,$#(+0+7%2(
– 1%88%7(,$c%'7-/(+0+7%2(7-(3*%8(7:%(:,#:(5%$+,70(/%"'7-/(#/"5%(A8"+2"+(
– 4$c%'7(A%88%7+("7("(3"+7%/(/"7%(7-(:"M%('-$&$*-*+(3*%8,$#(
• R"'**2(M%++%8(D(^/0-(A*2A(
– C-*B8%(a"88%5(R"'**2(R%++%8(
– 1*2A,$#(/%b*,/%2%$7(-3(C.!S(a,88(B%(-3([(O(;K\(8,7%/+j+(ZN%%5(-3('/0-A*2A(a,7:(;K\(8,7%/+j+](
(Single and double embossed Cryo-panel for
cryo-pump developed and tested
Pellet injector under commissioning
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Materials for Blanket (breeding & shielding)
Materials for Magnet
Materials for Divertor
Materials for other systems
Establish the processes
&
make components
Test facility (functionality, heat flux
& neutron irradiation)
Develop materials for DEMO components (2007 – 2027)
modification in choice of materials
for DEMO
2027
Materials program
Like to participate in component test
facility : IFMIF, CTF,
VNS
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NBI program
• C%M%8-A%5(NI4(+0+7%2(3-/(@@EJ;(
Z;VL(!d](
– T%"7(7/"$+3%/(+0+7%2+(Z;K(!dj
26](
– )"+7(+a,7':,$#(9TR1@(Z=(!dP(=K(
HR](
– ^/0-'-$5%$+"&-$(A*2A(Z;K\(
8,7%/+j+](
– E%':$-8-#,%+(/%8"7%5(7-(,-$(
+-*/'%(
• 1/-M,5,$#(CNI4(3-/(4E.9(Zhi(!d](
• C%M%8-A,$#(NNI4(3-/(C.!S(ZLK(
!d](
– 1-a%/(+*AA8,%+(-3(;!R(a,7:(
/%b*,/%5('*//%$7(
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42
[)7&510'+)12-'.'[),1JL)'$6*'")12-'' M\A)5$2)*&10'A56,512'6C'
A56874J6*'6C'9S'"1-)8'[),1JL)'
$6*''
O"%)4JL)-.'
! (E6':)15*'467A0$*,'6C'9S'A6Q)5'&6'
A56874)'A01-21'$*'&#)'-6754)U'
Y#1514&)5$]1J6*'6C''A01-21'
! (&783'L15$67-'T0&)5'T)08'
46*T,751J6*-''C65'6AJ210'-607J6*'
! +)12')\&514J6*';'144)0)51J6*''D'
4#1514&)5$]1J6*''
RF based Source''
Present Status:
– Lab established
– CODAC developed inhouse
– Plasma produced by coupling power from 100 kW, 1 MHz RF generator
(R,%a(-3(9)(
2"7':,$#(',/'*,7(
4$7%#/"7%5(+-*/'%(,$(
-A%/"&-$(Z+-*/'%(*$5%/(411(
"#/%%2%$7](
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RF system
ICRH 35 MW 20-40 &
91.2 MHz,
1.5/3 MW
SST-1 DEMO
LHCD 3.7 GHz, 1/2 MW
20 MW
ECRH 82.6/140 GHz, 0.2/0.5 MW
20 MW
Activities by RF group
ITER ICRH
20 MW
![Page 44: 0(1/-#/2( -3(4$5,((€¦ · 30 (H) 35 1 0.5 55 (H) 90 5 1.7 80 (H) 60 4.8 1.5 ;(6([\ i L > 1. Ion source (PINI) 4 .Deflection Magnet 2 . Gate valve 5 .Cryo Condenstation pump 3 .Neutralizer](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050105/5f4377dc59c60371ef35423f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Human Resource Development Program
• Initiated a program to bring various labs, universities and industries to participate in
the R&D program of fusion reactor
• Providing engineering services to many
ITER tasks and available for our own
program
• Such activities will nucleate various
working groups required for the fusion
reactor
• Future human resources for fusion will be
developed through this program
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SST-1 Tokamak
2004 ADITYA
Tokamak
1986
ITER Participation: 2006
Fusion Tech. Activities 2008
Integrated Tests while doing
experiments on ITER 2030