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GSMSYSTEM OVERVIEW
Important Principles and
Technologies of GSM
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OBJECTIVES
To be aware of the developments of cellular mobiletechnology
To understand the entities that made up GSMMobile System
To know the principles and services that make upGSM
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EVOLUTION OF MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS
STAGES OF PUBLIC LAND MOBILENETWORK
GENERATION STAGE
First Analog Mobile Telephone SystemSecond Digital Mobile Communication System
Third International Mobile Telephony 2000
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FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM
ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONESYSTEM
NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981
AMPS Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started
in 1983 TACS
Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHzstarted in 1985
NMT 900- A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986
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FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM
CONS OF ANALOG MOBILETELEPHONE SYSTEM
No public air interface between various systems
Problem in inter-operability with digital networks
Low frequency availability thus reducing network capacity
Low degree of subscriber security and safety
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM (1)
DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSYSTEM
1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS(TDMA)
2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISIONMULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM (2)
DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSYSTEM (TDMA)
D-AMPS Digital AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900
MHz, started in 1991 PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz,started in 1994
GSM- Global Systems for Mobile
Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in1991
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM (3)
DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSYSTEM (TDMA) GSM 1800
Digital Cellular System: used in 1800MHz, started in 1992 GSM 1900
Personal Communication System: usedin 1900 MHz, started in 1995
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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
GROUPE S PECIALE MOBILE
GLOBAL S YSTEM for MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS
WHAT IS GSM?
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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Why was there a need to develop a cellularstandard?
Incompatibility among existing cellular systemswhich were mostly analog
Spectrum Efficiency International roaming capability Low mobile and Station Cost
Good subjective voice quality Ability to support new services
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MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (1)
1. Spectrum Efficiency
2. Capacity
3. Strong Anti-Interference Capability
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4. Open Interfaces
5. Security
6. Interconnection with other networks
7. Roaming
MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (2)
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL MOBILETELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000)
The future of mobile network that will allow themulti-media support of high flow of servicesand mobility, with performances higher thanthose currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS
Designation of frequency bands isharmonized universally in the vicinity of 2 GHz
Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM
IMT 2000 MAIN FEATURES Multiple System Inter-operability With a high degree of consistency in
worldwide design Compatibility between IMT-2000 services
and fixed networks
High quality Small portable terminals used worldwide.
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILESYSTEM
IMT 2000
2 Mb/s
384 Kb/s
EDGEGPRS
160 Kb/s64 Kb/s
HSCSD
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Bit rate
CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s
9.6 Kb/s
Technology
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GSMSYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR HLR AuC EIR
PSTN, ISDN...
OMCOMC
NMCX.25 links
GSM interfaces
Voicemail Serv er
SM-SC
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station System)
NSS (Network SwitchingSubsystem)
OMM (Operations & MaintenanceManagement)
MS
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GSM SYSTEM
LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
BSC A
Abis Um
BTS
BSC
TRAU
MSC/VLR/GMSC
MSC/VLR/GMSC
NSMU FSMU
TRAU
Ater A
OMC
Qx
HLR/AUC
EIR SMC
PSTN / PLMN /
PSPDN / ISDN
BTS
BTS
BTS
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GSM NETWORK ENTITIES HLR:Home Location Register VLR:Visitor Location Register
MS:Mobile Station ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
GSM SYSTEM
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MOBILE STATION (MS) Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber MS comprises of the following:
1. Mobile Equipment2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Personal Identification Number (PIN) is used to
prevent unauthorized use of SIM Card
GSM SYSTEM
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MOBILE STATION (MS)
GSM SYSTEM
Mobi le Equipm ent
SIM
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MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATIONNUMBERS
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) Consists of GSM Type permission code and related
manufacturer product number International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI)
This number is also stored in Home Location Register(HLR)
GSM SYSTEM
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NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS)
Performs the following main functions:
Switching functions Database functions Mobility Management Safety Management
Manages communication among GSM Mobilesubscribers and other communication networksubscribers
GSM SYSTEM
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GSM SYSTEM
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NSS ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)
GSM SYSTEM
The core of GSM Network which provides
switching functions Connects mobile subscribers with fixed network
subscribers or with other mobile subscribers
Provides interfaces to other communicationnetworks and interconnection with other MSCs
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GSM SYSTEM
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NSS ARCHITECTURE
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)
GSM SYSTEM
Dynamic subscriber database
Stores all related information of mobilesubscribers entering the MSC Service Area
Obtains and stores necessary data from the HLRof a mobile subscriber
GSM SYSTEM
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NSS ARCHITECTURE
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
GSM SYSTEM
Central Database of GSM System Stores all related data of a mobile subscribers controlled
by the same HLR Important Static Data:
IMSI, Access capability, subscriber type, and Supplementaryservices
HLR also stores and provides MSC(A) with (dynamic)information of the MSC(B) area into which a mobile stationhas roamed, so that any incoming call is immediately sentto the called subscriber on a selected path.
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GSM SYSTEM
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NSS ARCHITECTURE
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFCATION REGISTER (EIR)
GSM SYSTEM
Stores International Mobile Equipment Identifier(IMEI) of mobile equipment
3 Types of List:1. WHITE Authorized Mobile Equipment2. GRAY MEs that should be monitored in case of
faults3. BLACK Unauthorized Mobile equipment
Mobile operators used EIR information thelocation of reported stolen MS and block it
GSM SYSTEM
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WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE
GSM SYSTEM
GSM Service Area
PLMN Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area
Cell
CELL
LOCATION AREA
MSC SERVICE AREA
PLMN SERVICE AREA
GSM SERVICE AREA
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BSSSYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
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ZXG-10 BSS ARCHITECTURE
GSM SYSTEM
BTSBIE
BIE
BTS SM SM TC
BSC
MSC
OMC-RMS
UmInterface
Ab is Interface Q3 Inter face
BS Interface Ater Interface A Interface
TC: TransCoderSM: SubMultiplexing
BIE: Base station InterfaceEquipment
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM
OAM
RR
MM
CM
TRANSMISSION
Service Carrier
Subscriber
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM
Transmission: data transmission function ,providing methods of carrying subscriber data andtransmitting signalings between different entities invarious segments along the communication path.
RR : radio resources management, setting up andreleasing stable connections between mobile
stations and MSC at the call setup stage, which ismainly performed by MS and BSC;
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM
MM: refers to mobility and safety management ,mobile station processing environment changing,making choices of cells possibly belonging todifferent networks, so that the calling subscriber isable to set up a valid process; infrastructures arerequired to manage subscriber location data(location updating)
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM
CM : refers to communication management , i.e.,under subscriber requests, setting up connectionsbetween subscribers, maintaining and releasingcalls (which can be divided into CC call control,SSM supplementary service management, andSMS short messages service)
OAM: Operation, administration and maintenanceplatform , providing operation methods for operators . The service is supplied by the transmission layerdirectly.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Um
MTP2
MTP3
SCCP
BSSMAP
MM
CM
LAPDMTP2
MTP3
SCCP
BSSAP
BTSM
RR
LAPDm LAPD
BTSMRR
LAPDm
RR
MM
CM
MS BTS BSC MSC
Radio Carrier E1/ T1E1/ T1
Abis A
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
2 KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING
MS BTS/ BSC MSC
DTAP
BSSMAP
DTAP:transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM)
BSSMAP:BSS management message
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
A interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (1)
The A interface is used in the message betweenBSC and MSC as well as the message cominginto/out of MS
LAYER 1 Physical and electrical parameterand channel architecture
Integration of MTP1 in Common ChannelSignaling No.7 (CSS7), adopting 2 Mbps
PCM digital link as the transmission
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
A interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)LAYER 3 Application layer which mainlyincludes BSS application part (BSSAP)
This layer maintains and manages the resourcesand the connections in BSS as well as controlsboth the connection and the disconnection ofservice.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (2)
LAYER 2 - The data link layer employs theLAPD protocol , which is a point to multi-pointcommunication protocol. LAPD utilizes the frame structure including theflag field, the control field, the information field,the check field and the flag sequence. Theservice access point identification (SAPI) and theterminal equipment identification (TEI) are bothfound in the flag field, used to discriminaterespectively the service and the entity to access.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD
FLAG ADDR FCS FLAGCONTL MESSAGE
SAPI TEI N(S) N(R)
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4)FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD
FLAG: Flag
ADDR: Address FCS: Frame check sequence
SAPI: Service access point identifier
TEI: Terminal equipment identifier N(S): Sending frame No. N(R): Receiving frame No.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4)
LAYER 3 - The upper layer part, transmits theapplication part of BTS, including the radio link
management (RLM) function and the operationand maintenance function.
Through the Abis interface, BSC provides such
signaling control information as BTSconfiguration, BTS monitoring, BTS testing, andservice control.
PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (1)
LAYER 1 Transmission layer (physical layer),the lowest layer of Um interface Provides transmission channel for radio linkand provides differently functional logic channels(control channel and traffic channel ) for higherlayer.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (2)
LAYER 2 Data link layer, provides reliablededicated data link for and between MS and BTS.
Its based on link access protocol of D channel(LAPD), but add some protocols of mobileapplications that are unique to GSM ( LAPDm,the difference is that no FCS and sync flag inLAPDm )
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)
FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPDm
ADDR CONTL MESSAGE
SAPI N(S) N(R)
1 1 21
SAPI 0 : Signaling Application
SAPI 3: Short Message Application
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4)
LAYER 3 Application layer, performscontrolling and management functions. Itincludes three sub-layers - CM, MM and RR ,each realizes call control, supplementary servicemanagement and short message managementrespectively.
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Air Interface CHANNELS
Logical
Channels
Control
Channels
Common ControlChannels
Traffic
Channels
BroadcastChannels
Dedicated ControlChannels
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
RACH
AGCH
PCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
Ai f C A S
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Air Interface CHANNELSTRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Traffic channel carries encoded speech or subscriber data,including full-rate traffic channel and half-rate traffic channel:
Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F): total rate is 22.8
kbit/s
Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H): total rate is 11.4kbit/s
1) Speech channelTCH/FS: full-rate speech traffic channelTCH/HS: half-rate speech traffic channel
2) Data channelTCH/F9.6: 9.6kbit/s full-rate data traffic channel
Ai I f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
CONTROL CHANNELS
Control channels carry signaling informationused by the MS to locate a BTS, synchronizeitself with the BTS, and receive information
required to perform call setup.
There are three categories of control channels:
1. Broadcast Channel (BCH)2. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)3. Common Control Channel (CCCH)
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Air Interface CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
CONTROL CHANNEL COMMON CONTROL CHANNEL(CCCH)
CCCH are shared by all mobile stations in the network. Thereare 3 types of such channels:
a. PCH: paging channels, used by a base station to pagemobile stations (downward).
b. RACH: random access channel, used by mobile stationsfor random access network application, i.e., requesting theallocation of SDCCH channels (upward).
c. AGCH: access granted channel, used by a base stationto respond to random access requests of mobile stations,i.e., to assign one SDCCH or directly assign one TCH(downward).
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Ai I t f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
CONTROL CHANNEL DEDICATED CONTROLCHANNEL (DCCH)
c. FACCH : fast associated control channel, combining withone traffic channel to carry the same signals as SDCCH,but it is assigned only when SDCCH has not beenassigned. Call connection is realized via frames borrowedfrom traffic channels to transmit such commands ashand -over
Ai I t f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
TDMA FRAME
f i
1 TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 760
TDMA1 TDMA25 or 50
1 Multiframe
Channel 0
Channel 1
Channel 7
Ai I t f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
CHANNEL COMBINATION
Item Configuration Combination1 TCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF2 TCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH
3 TCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH4 MainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
5 BCCHCombined FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+
SACCH/C46 BCH BCCH + CCCH7 SDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8
8 BCCHwithCBCH FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+
SACCH/C4 + CBCH9 SDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH
Ai I t f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELS
Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel
Ai I t f CHANNELS
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Air Interface CHANNELSStructure of 51-Frame Control Channel
SF B C
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
51
SF C C SF C C SF C C I
R R R R R R R R R R
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3
SF C C
R R R R R R R R R R
III
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 III
A1 A2 A3 III
A5 A6 A7 III
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
SF B C SF C C SF D0 D1 SF D2 D3 ISF A0 A1
SF B C SF C C SF D0 D1 SF D2 D3 ISF A2 A3
D3
D3
R R
R R
A2 A3
A0 A1
D2
D2
SF
SF
D0 D1
D0 D1
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
FFCCH SSCHBBCCH CCCCHCCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACHRRACH DSDCCH
ASACCH/C Iidle
BCCH+CCCH
BCCH+CCCH
8 SDCCH/8
8 SDCCH/8
BCCH+CCCH+4SDCCH/4
BCCH+CCCH+4SDCCH/4
(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
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BURST FORMATTING
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (1)
BURST the information contained in one TS of TDMAframe over the air interface
5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BURST
1. Normal Burst2. Frequency Correction Burst3. Synchronization Burst4. Access Burst5. Dummy Burst
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TrainingSequence
64
TrainingSequence 26
BURST FORMATTING
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (2)
1. NB (Normal Burst): used for traffic channeland control channels except for RACH, SCH,FCCH.
2. AB (Access Burst): Transmitted on RACHchannel and used as access request made by
MS to BTS. AB is the sole short BP sequencedefined by GSM protocol.
BURST FORMATTING
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (3)
3. SB (Synchronization Burst): Transmitted onSCH channel and used for initialsynchronization seizing by MS.
4. FB (Frequency Correction Burst) : Used forcarrier frequency correction of MS.
5. DB (Dummy Burst): Has the same format withNB, mainly used for bit filling
TRAINING SEQUENCE OF GSM
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TRAINING SEQUENCE OF GSM
BinaryBN61 - BN86
0 970897 00100101110000100010010111
1 B778B7 00101101110111100010110111
2 10EE90E 01000011101110100100001110
3 11ED11E 01000111101101000100011110
4 6B906B 00011010111001000001101011
5 13AC13A 01001110101100000100111010
6 29F629F 1010011110110001010011111
7 3BC4BBC 11101111000100101110111100
TSC Hexadecimal
TRAFFIC
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TRAFFICTraffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can
support and is usually described as follows:
A= n T/3600where,n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour
T- average duration of each call(in seconds) A - Traffic, in Erlang
Problem: If one call is made by a subscriber within anhour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as:
=1 120/3600=33mErl
For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic isusually defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
GRADE OF SERVICE (1)
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GRADE OF SERVICE (1)
Grade of Service GOS GOS refers to thedegree of network congestion or call loss rate.GOS=2% means that 98% of subscribers canmake calls successfully and 2% ofsubscribers will end up with unsuccessfulness.
For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.
GRADE OF SERVICE (2)
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GRADE OF SERVICE (2)
0.020 0.050 0.001 0.0022 0.22 0.38 0.05 0.074 1.09 1.52 0.44 0.545 1.66 2.22 0.76 0.9010 5.08 6.22 3.09 3.4320 13.18 15.25 9.41 10.0724 16.63 19.03 12.24 13.0140 31.00 34.60 24.44 25.6070 59.13 64.67 49.24 50.98100 87.97 95.24 75.24 77.47
Erlang B GoS CapacityNumber of Channels
GRADE OF SERVICE (3)
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GRADE OF SERVICE (3)
#Trunks Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs
1 0.0204 26 18.4 51 41.2 76 64.9 100 88 150 136.8 200 186.2 250 235.82 0.223 27 19.3 52 42.1 77 65.8 102 89.9 152 138.8 202 188.1 300 285.73 0.602 28 20.2 53 43.1 78 66.8 104 91.9 154 140.7 204 190.1 350 335.74 1.09 29 21 54 44 79 67.7 106 93.8 156 142.7 206 192.1 400 385.95 1.66 30 21.9 55 44.9 80 68.7 108 95.7 158 144.7 208 194.1 45
0436.1
6 2.28 31 22.8 56 45.9 81 69.6 110 97.7 160 146.6 210 196.1 500 486.4
7 2.94 32 23.7 57 46.8 82 70.6 112 99.6 162 148.6 212 198.1 600 587.28 3.63 33 24.6 58 47.8 83 71.6 114 101.6 164 150.6 214 200 700 688.29 4.34 34 25.5 59 48.7 84 72.5 116 103.5 166 152.6 216 202 800 789.310 5.08 35 26.4 60 49.6 85 73.5 118 105.5 168 154.5 218 204 900 890.611 5.84 36 27.3 61 50.6 86 74.5 120 107.4 170 156.5 220 206 1000 999.112 6.61 37 28.3 62 51.5 87 75.4 122 109.4 172 158.5 222 208 1100 109313 7.4 38 29.2 63 52.5 88 76.4 124 111.3 174 160.4 224 21014 8.2 39 30.1 64 53.4 89 77.3 126 113.3 176 162.4 226 21215 9.01 40 31 65 54.4 90 78.3 128 115.2 178 164.4 228 213.916 9.83 41 31.9 66 55.3 91 79.3 130 117.2 180 166.4 230 215.917 10.7 42 32.8 67 56.3 92 80.2 132 119.1 182 168.3 232 217.918 11.5 43 33.8 68 57.2 93 81.2 134 121.1 184 170.3 234 219.919 12.3 44 34.7 69 58.2 94 82.2 136 123.1 186 172.4 236 221.920 13.2 45 35.6 70 59.1 95 83.1 138 125 188 174.3 238 223.921 14 46 36.5 71 60.1 96 84.1 140 127 190 176.3 240 225.922 14.9 47 37.5 72 61 97 85.1 142 128.9 192 178.2 242 227.923 15.8 48 38.4 73 62 98 86 144 130.9 194 180.2 244 229.924 16.6 49 39.3 74 62.9 99 87 146 132.9 196 182.2 246 231.825 17.5 50 40.3 75 63.9 100 88 148 134.8 198 184.2 248 233.8
Erlan gs
Erlang-B Traffic Tables
Abbreviated For 2% Grade of Service Only
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GSM CALL TRANSMISSION PROCESS
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1. Analog to Digital Conversion2. Segmentation
3. Speech Encoding4. Channel Encoding5. Channel Interleaving
6. Ciphering7. Burst formatting8. Modulation and Transmission
8 STAGES OF CALL TRANSMISSION
CHANNEL ENCODING
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CHANNEL ENCODING
Chanel encoding in GSM uses the 260 bits fromspeech coding as an input and outputs 456encoded bits.- Special redundancy technologies adopted to
increase the bulk of transmitted information whichcan be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) atthe sending end and extracted at an agreedpattern (decoding) at the receiving end in order toenhance the anti-interference capacity andtransmission
- Commonly used channel coding methods are: 1)convolutional coding; 2) Fire coding; 3) paritycheck coding.
CHANNEL ENCODING
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CONVOLUTIONL CODING
50 bit (Ia) 132 bit(Ib)
78 bit (Ic)
260 bits /20ms
50 132 783 4
FireCode
Protectionbits
136 bit53 bit
189bit
CONVOLUTIONALCODER (1:2)
378bit
78 bit
456bit
CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
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CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Interleaving technique is adopted, by which thecontinuous bits in an information block aresegmented and transmitted individually according tocertain rules.
The original continuous block in the transmissionprocess becomes discontinuous, forming a group ofinterwoven message transmitting blocks, which are to
be recovered (de-interleaving) into the originalinformation blocks at the receiving end.
CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
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456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1
Block A Block B Block A+1 Block B+1
116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block
Odd N+4 Odd N+5Odd N+6
Odd N+7Even N Even N+1 Even N+2 Even N+3
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DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION
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Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.1) Lower the total interference level in the air2) Save transmitter power.
The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, sincethe former will slightly lower the transmission quality.
DTX
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