Download - 02 Introduction to Logic
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Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
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Warm-up activity Introduction to Philosophy
LAST MEETING
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Warm-up activity Introduction to Logic
THIS MEETING
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Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
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Johnny's mother had three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child's name?
JOHNNY
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How many animals of each species did Moses bring aboard the Ark?
None.
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How can a woman living in New Jersey, legally marry 3 men, without ever getting a divorce, be widowed, or becoming legally separated?It’s her job.
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Remove six matches to make ten.
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CUT THE CAKE:How is it possible to cut a traditional circular cake into 8 equal size pieces, with only 3 cuts
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Why can't you take a picture of an Indian woman with hair curlers? You can’t take photos with hair curlers. You need a camera.
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You are in a race and you overtake the person who is in second place. What is your position now?Second.
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“Experience is the source of knowledge, and logic is its structure.
Aristotle
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Origin
Etymology:Greek word logosSpoken word/speech/reason
The actual term was introduced by Zeno (300 BC)Greek word logike
Discourses on thinking/Treatise on thought
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Definition
The science of correct reasoning
Natural Logic vs. Scientific Logic
Logic is not the foundation of knowledge; it’s only a tool.
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Definition
SCIENCE ART
Consists of a system of principles
that govern correct thinking
ART is the power to perform certain actions
guided by special
knowledge and executed
with skill
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Types
SYMBOLIC LOGICPrecise symbolic
representations of logical concepts
INFORMAL LOGIC
Study of abstract relationships
between concepts
Application of logical concepts to the analysis of
everyday reasoning and
problem-solving
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1 Nyaya philosophy
2 Pre-Aristotelian
3 Aristotelian
4 Post-Aristotelian
5 The Scholastics and Crusaders6 Modern Logic
Changes in the logical methods
and procedures
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Nyaya Philosophy1
5th century B.C., India
Said to have been authored by Siddharta Gautama
There is a need for the human person to obtain
knowledgeNyaya – logical argument/syllogism
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Nyaya Philosophy1
Four means of obtaining knowledge
PERCEPTION
INFERENCE
ANALOGY
VERBAL TESTIM
ONYError-free cognition
Comes from direct
contact between
the senses
and object
Use of implicatio
n Comparison
Due to authority and not by direct experienc
e
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Pre-Aristotelian2
5th century B.C., Greece
Eleatics, Sophists, and MegaricsWhat is the origin of the universe?
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Aristotelian3
384-322 BC
First thinker to devise a logical system (Reductio ad Absurdum)
Founder of Logic
Organon – “tool” or “instrument”
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Post-Aristotelian4
Epistemology
Greek and Latin commentatorsExplanation and defense of Aristotle’s works on logic
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Scholastics and Crusaders
5
devised mnemonic names for the valid moods canvassed in the Prior Analytics
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Modern Logic6
Sciences (specifically Mathematics)Algebraic school
Logicist school
Mathematical school
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DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension2 Judgment
3 Reasoning
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DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehensionThe act by which the intellect grasps the essence of somethingApprehension – lays hold of the thing mentallySimple – the intellect merely takes the thing in without any affirmation or denial about it
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DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension
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DIVISIONS
2 Judgment
A mental operation that pronounces the identity or non-identity between two ideas
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DIVISIONS
2 Reasoning
A mental act that proceeds from the previously known truth to a new truth
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ANY QUESTIONS?
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Warm-up activity Progression and definition of logic through history
Divisions of Logic
SUMMARY
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Definition of TermsRules of Clear Definition
NEXT MEETING
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Progression and definition through history
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC