Download - 04.Introduction to Eco Tourism
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Session 4. Introduction to Ecotourism
Ramon Benedicto A. Alampay, Ph.D.Asian Institute of Management
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Nature Tourism and Ecotourism
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Ecotourism is a niche or segment of nature-based tourism
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Ecotourism is a niche or segment of nature-based tourism
NATURE TOURISM Travel to unspoiled places to experience & enjoy nature
TOURISM Travel to places other than one’s usual environment for purposes other than
immigration and remuneration at the destination
ECOTOURISM Responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people
LEISURE TOURISM Travel for purposes of leisure, recreation and/or holiday
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Other terms associated with nature tourism & ecotourism
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Other terms associated with nature tourism & ecotourism
Adventure tourism
Geotourism
Responsible tourism
Pro-poor tourism
Sustainable tourism
Related in form or tourist activity
Related development goals
and objectives
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SOME COMMON TYPES OF TOURISM
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Cruise Tourism
Nature-Based Tourism
Coastal Tourism
Cultural Tourism
Urban TourismUrban TourismUrban TourismSustainable Sustainable Sustainable
Tourism
ECOTOURISM
SOME COMMON TYPES OF TOURISM
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The Roots of Ecotourism
Nature-based Adventure Tourism (e.g. mountain climbing, rafting, etc.)
Wildlife tourism
Counter-culture niche against mass tourism (Elite)
interest in indigenous (less known, less “familiar” cultures)
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Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature and any accompanying cultural features that promote conservation, has a negative visitation impact and provides for substantial beneficial active socio-economic involvement of local populations -
Hector Ceballos-Lascurian
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Hard and Soft Ecotourism*Hard (Active) Soft (Passive)
Strong Environmental Commitment Moderate
Enhanced Concept of sustainability Steady-state
Specialized Trips Multi-purpose
Long Duration of trip Short
Physically active Physical demands Physically passive
Few services expected Service expectations Services expected
Personal experience Emphasis Interpretation
Hard (Active)
*Weaver, 2001
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Experiencing the culture of the host
community
Surface understanding of a culture; tourists are
spectators of cultural traditions, performances
and artifacts
Tourists gain meaningful understanding of culture by immersion (when
appropriate) and/or self-education
*Acott, LaTrobe and Howard, 1998
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Experiencing the culture of the host
community
Surface understanding of a culture; tourists are
spectators of cultural traditions, performances
and artifacts
Tourists gain meaningful understanding of culture by immersion (when
appropriate) and/or self-education
*Acott, LaTrobe and Howard, 1998
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Experiencing the culture of the host
community
Surface understanding of a culture; tourists are
spectators of cultural traditions, performances
and artifacts
Tourists gain meaningful understanding of culture by immersion (when
appropriate) and/or self-education
*Acott, LaTrobe and Howard, 1998
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Tourist service standards
Western standards of safety, comfort and
hygiene are maintained where possible; tourists may want western food
and drink.
Western comforts not required; tourists may want to try local dishes as part of the cultural
learning
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Tourist service standards
Western standards of safety, comfort and
hygiene are maintained where possible; tourists may want western food
and drink.
Western comforts not required; tourists may want to try local dishes as part of the cultural
learning
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Tourist service standards
Western standards of safety, comfort and
hygiene are maintained where possible; tourists may want western food
and drink.
Western comforts not required; tourists may want to try local dishes as part of the cultural
learning
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Preserving the quality of the
natural resource
Preference for “pristine” natural enclaves may
result in policies where indigenous peoples are
excluded from natural areas
Preservation and protection from humans,
as long as activity is integrated with efforts to maintain
biodiversity and ecological integrity of
land
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Preserving the quality of the
natural resource
Preference for “pristine” natural enclaves may
result in policies where indigenous peoples are
excluded from natural areas
Preservation and protection from humans,
as long as activity is integrated with efforts to maintain
biodiversity and ecological integrity of
land
Friday, July 2, 2010
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
Preserving the quality of the
natural resource
Preference for “pristine” natural enclaves may
result in policies where indigenous peoples are
excluded from natural areas
Preservation and protection from humans,
as long as activity is integrated with efforts to maintain
biodiversity and ecological integrity of
land
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
The value(s) of nature
Instrumental valuation of nature
Recognition of intrinsic values of all elements of nature (not
just those needed by humans)
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Shallow vs. Deep
Shallow Ecotourism Deep Ecotourism
The value(s) of nature
Instrumental valuation of nature
Recognition of intrinsic values of all elements of nature (not
just those needed by humans)
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The Value of Iconic Attractions
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Tourism Businesses and Protected Areas
Economic ActivitiesDevelop Tours or Excursions Linked to Protected AreasSell merchandise related to the siteRun tourism-related concessions and leases in the site
Contribution to Conservation EffortRaise tourists’ awareness on protecting sitesCooperate in collecting entrance and user feesGenerate donations to the site
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Demand for Ecotourism
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Estimating the size of the ecotourism market.Small but growing
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Estimating the size of the ecotourism market.Small but growing
UN World Tourism Organization has estimated that wildlife and ecotourism accounts for 7% of the world market
The International Ecotourism Society estimates that nature tourism is growing by 10-12% per year, internationally
ASEAN Share: Estimated 4 million ecotourists in 2007
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Who are the nature/ecotourists?
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By Region of OriginNorth America, Western Europe, Australia/New ZealandAsian markets are emerging (e.g. Japan)
Who are the nature/ecotourists?
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By Region of OriginNorth America, Western Europe, Australia/New ZealandAsian markets are emerging (e.g. Japan)
ProfileTend to be higher educatedAge profile varies by according to country profile
Australia: young to middle-agesJapan: middle-aged to seniors
Who are the nature/ecotourists?
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Who are the nature/ecotourists?Activity Preferences
Source: Wood/IFC (2003)
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Vary from destination to destinationdiving/marine (Pacific)jungle/rainforest (Southeast Asia)
Overall: strong interest in the natural environment, experiential vacation, & learning
Specific interestsAdmiring scenery & wildlife viewingHiking & walkingTaking guided interpretative toursVisiting parks and protected areas
Who are the nature/ecotourists?Activity Preferences
Source: Wood/IFC (2003)
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Who are the nature/ecotourists?Accommodation Preferences
Source: Wood/IFC (2003)
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Provides good access to the primary attraction or activity area
Comfortable, conventional, mid-priced lodging
Will stay in traditional local accommodations if there are no good alternatives
Who are the nature/ecotourists?Accommodation Preferences
Source: Wood/IFC (2003)
The activity is still the main thing. Lodging design and practice will tend to be
considered when the main priorities have been met.
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Consumer Demand for Responsible Tourism
SOURCE: Chafe, Z. & Honey, M. (2005). Consumer Demand and Operator Support for Socially and Environmentally Responsible Tourism. CESD/TIES Working Paper No. 104. Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD), The International Ecotourism Society (TIES). Revised April 2005.
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Consumer Demand for Responsible Tourism
A majority of tourists are interested in the social, cultural and environmental issues.
important to the vast majority of them that their trip not damage local ecosystems. interested in patronizing hotels that are committed to protecting the local environment
Once educated about ecotourism certification and ecolabels, a majority of tourists support the concept and will use the labels to choose future tour operators.
Wide-spread support for responsible tourism among operatorsSOURCE: Chafe, Z. & Honey, M. (2005). Consumer Demand and Operator Support for Socially and Environmentally Responsible Tourism. CESD/TIES Working Paper No. 104. Center on
Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD), The International Ecotourism Society (TIES). Revised April 2005.
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Demand for Natural and Cultural Products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions Survey
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Demand for Natural and Cultural Products
Which of the following would be the greatest benefits to visiting destinations in Asia?
• Opportunity to experience othercultures = 22%
• Natural beauty of the region = 18%
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions Survey
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
How much extra would you be prepared to pay for culturally-sensitive tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels)?
70% would pay extra (10 to 50%)
How much extra would you be prepared to pay for environmentally-friendly tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels)?
68% would pay extra (10 to 50%)
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
• A little more likely = 54%
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
• A little more likely = 54%
...environmentally-friendly?
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
• A little more likely = 54%
...environmentally-friendly?• Much more likely = 37%
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
• A little more likely = 54%
...environmentally-friendly?• Much more likely = 37%
• A little more likely = 50%
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Latent Demand for Green/Responsible Tourism Products
When thinking about your holiday, to what extent would you be more inclined to choose tourism products (e.g. flights or hotels) that are:
...sensitive to local cultures?• Much more likely = 35%
• A little more likely = 54%
...environmentally-friendly?• Much more likely = 37%
• A little more likely = 50%
about 9 out of 10 would be more inclined to choose culturally-
sensitive & environmentally-friendly
tourism products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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Demand is likely not limited to ecotourism products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010
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What sort of experience is most important?
• Local culture - 35%
• Relaxation - 33%
• Outdoor adventure - 12%
Suggests a preference for more traditional, mainstream tourism
activities
Demand is likely not limited to ecotourism products
Source: 2007 Asia Travel Intentions SurveyFriday, July 2, 2010