Download - 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 1/88
Coverage Dimensioning
Customer confidential
1 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
3GRPESS – MODULE 5
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 2/88
Module 5 – Coverage Dimensioning
Objectives
• After this module the participant shall be able
to:-• Calculate link budget for different services
• Understand link budgets and parameters
Customer confidential
2 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Calculate planning thresholds
• Calculate cell range
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 3/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Customer confidential
3 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Cell coverage area prediction
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 4/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Customer confidential
4 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Cell coverage area prediction
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 5/88
Introduction
• Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of sitecoverage area (site count for given area)
• Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs
– Service type
– Tar et service robabilit
Customer confidential
5 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Initial site configuration – Equipment performance
– Propagation environment
• Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the sitecoverage area with the given inputs
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 6/88
Link budget
• The target of the link budget calculation is toestimate the maximum allowed path loss onradio path from transmit antenna to receive
antenna – The minimum E b / N 0 (and BER/BLER) requirement is
achieved with the maximum allowed path loss andtransmit power both in UL & DL
Customer confidential
6 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• The maximum path loss can be used tocalculate cell range R
Lpmax_DL
Lpmax_UL
R
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 7/88
Link budget types
R99 DCH link budget
• Uplink – Can be based on many different PS and CS services
• Downlink – Can be based on many different PS and CS services
HSDPA link budget
• Uplink – HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps
– Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No this overhead often a ears in the transmitter
Customer confidential
7 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
section of the link budget)
• Downlink – Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
HSUPA link budget
• Uplink
– Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions – Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No
• Downlink – Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 8/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget – Uplink
– Downlink
•
Customer confidential
8 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• HSUPA link budget
• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 9/88
R99 UL Link Budget
• The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately
– Bit rate depends on service, which
can vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Customer confidential
9 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• overage m ng serv ce can e e nebased on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 10/88
R99 UL Link Budget
Transmitter - Handset
• Transmission power classes
– Power Class 4 most common at the
moment (note ± 2 dB tolerance) – Power Class 3 most common in new
mobiles and data cards (+1/-3dBtolerance)
Customer confidential
10 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Typically assumed to be 0 – 2 dBi
– For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
• Body Loss
– For CS voice service body loss of 3 dB
is assumed as the mobile is near head.
• EIRP represents the effective isotropicradiated power from the transmitantenna.
LossBody-GainAntennaTransmitPowerTransmitUEEIRPUplink +=
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 11/88
R99 UL Link Budget
Receiver – Node B
• Node B noise figure – Depends on Node B
– Depends on Frequency
• Thermal Noise
– = -108 dBm
▪ k = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.43 E-23 Ws/K
▪ T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
Flexi BTS Noise Figure:
•< 2.0 dB (Band 2 GHz common)
•< 2.1 dB (Band 1700 – 2100 MHz)
•< 2.3 dB (Band 800-960 MHz)
BTk DensityNoiseThermal ××=
Customer confidential
11 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪
B = Bandwidth, 3 840 000 Hz• Uplink Load
– Definition of UL load can be based ontraffic inputs or estimated
• Interference margin
– Interference margin is calculated based onUL load
• Interference floor is calculated as follows
ce_margininterferenfigurenoiseBNodenoisehermal_I ++= T floor enterferenc
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 12/88
Interference Margin
• Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading (η) value
– From set maximum planned load
• "sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) &
in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
20
IMargin [dB]
Customer confidential
12 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
( ) [ ]dB Log η −⋅− 110 10IMargin =
1.25
3
10
6
25% 50% 75% 99%Load factor η
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 13/88
R99 UL Link Budget
Receiver – Node B
• Service Eb/No
– Related to the selected service
– Channel model – BLER targets etc,
• Service Processing gain
– Related to the service bit rate
–
Customer confidential
13 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
services with low bit rates. These servicestend to have more relaxed link budgets andgenerate smaller increments in cell loading.
• Receiver thermal sensitivity – Thisrepresents the receiver sensitivity whenthe system is loaded i.e. an interferencemargin has been included
GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver −+= I
×=
RateBit
RateChipLOG10GainProcessingService
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 14/88
Required E b /N 0
• When E b / N 0 is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select closestE b / N 0 value to the prevailing conditions if available) – Service and bearer
▪ Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
– Radio channel▪ Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
▪ Multipath, delay spread
▪ Three main groups of channels models that are widely usedto model different propagation environments.
• -
Customer confidential
14 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
,
• COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA),Hilly terrain (HT)
• ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B
– Receiver/connection configuration▪ Handover situation
▪ Fast power control status
▪ Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)
• Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do notcorrespond the used E b / N 0
– Soft handover gain
– Power control gain
– Fast fading margin
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 15/88
R99 UL Link Budget
Receiver – Node B
• RX antenna gain
– Is different for different frequencies
– Gain and size varies
• Cable loss
– In Flexi the remote RF headminimizes the influence of cable
Customer confidential
15 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
losses
– MHA can be used to compensate thecable loss as well as lower the systemnoise figure
▪ If MHA NF is 2 dB then noenhancement on system noise figure
with Flexi
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 16/88
WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
mm
Weight
k
Frequency
Ran e MHz
Gain
dBi
Beam
WidthDowntilt
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)
Antenna Type Dimensions[mm]
Weight[kg]
FrequencyRange [MHz]
Gain[dBi]
BeamWidth
Downtilt
CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85°/85° 0..8°/0°..8°
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65°/65° 0..8°/0°..8°
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Antenna Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
Width Downtilt
CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°
CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°
CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°...8°
CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°...6°
CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°...8°
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°...10°
• BTS antenna varies between frequenciesand sizes as well as configuration
• Smaller antenna beam higher gain
• Higher size (from 1 to 2 meters) higher
antenna gain within same frequency• Lower frequency lower gain
• BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna
Customer confidential
16 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30° 0°...8°
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
WidthDowntilt
CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360° --
– Vertical size limiting Vertical beamwidth increases when frequencydecreases
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 17/88
Cable loss
• Cable loss is the sum of all signal lossescaused by the antenna line outside thebase station cabinet
– Jumper losses
– Feeder cable loss
– MHA insertion loss in DL when MHA is used
Customer confidential
17 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪ ypca .
– Feeder losses decrease when frequency islower
▪ 7/8” loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 18/88
Benefit of using MHA
• MHA can be used to improve the base station system noise figure in UL
• The benefit achieved by using MHA equals to the noise figure improvement
• The benefit of using MHA depends on the cable loss, for example
– When Lcable < 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA > Cable loss
– When Lcable > 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA < Cable loss
– Calculated with NSN MHA (G = 12 dB, NF = 2 dB) and base station NF = 3 dB
•
Customer confidential
18 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Note MHA insertionloss for DL
MHA Gain
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 19/88
R99 UL Link Budget
Receiver – Node B
• UL fast fade margin
• SHO gain (old MDC gain)
• Gain against shadowing
Customer confidential
19 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 20/88
Fast fading margin
• Fast fading margin is used as a correction factor for E b / N 0 at the cell edge, whenthe used E b / N 0 is defined with fast power control
– At the cell edge the UE does not have enough power to follow the fast fading dips
• In DL fast fading margin is not usually applied due to lower power controldynamic range
Fast fading margin = (average received E b / N
0 ) without fast PC - (average received E
b / N
0 ) with fast PC
Customer confidential
20 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Source: Radio Network Planning & Optimisation for UMTS; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad; Tab. 4.11
Channel: Pedestrian A; antenna diversity assumed
Speed
2.7 km/h
11 km/h
22 km/h
54 km/h
130 km/h
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 21/88
Fast fading margin
20
25
MS moving towards the cell edge
• Some headroom is needed in the mobile station TX power for maintainingadequate fast power control
• This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading
• Typical values are from 2 to 5 dB for slow-moving mobiles (according toWCDMA for UMTS)
Customer confidential
21 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 410
15 d B
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-10
0
10
20
d B m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 45
10
15
d B
Seconds
Mobile transmissionpower starts hittingits maximum value
E b / N 0 target
increases fast
Received qualitydegrades, more
frame errors
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 22/88
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – UL
• SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in softhandover situation compared to single link connection
• At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,
– Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speed aswell as on difference of the signal level of the SHO branches
• An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact that
– Significant amount of diversity already exist
Customer confidential
22 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪ 2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake)
– The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to seethose gains separately)
▪ Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining (based onframe selection)
▪ Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining
– In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 23/88
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – UL
Tx power, uplink
0.5
1
1.5
2
D C g a i n ( d B )
Soft HO
Combining(including softer combininggain for the other branch)Softer HO
Combining
Dynamic SimulatorResult for 2 branches
Customer confidential
23 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
-0.5
0
0 5 10
Difference between the signal level of SHO links (dB)
S H
O
MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 24/88
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
• At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughlythe gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can alwaysbe chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against a
hard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance. – In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability and the
standard deviation of the signal for the environment.
–
Customer confidential
24 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
,
likelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channeltends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
▪ For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value
– Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow FadingMargin (See Cell range estimation)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 25/88
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
Customer confidential
25 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2 and 3 dB
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 26/88
R99 UL Link Budget
• Building penetration loss – This parameter is clutter specific, normally
for dense urban areas this value is higherthan in rural area. Recommended valuesfor urban is 16 dB and suburban 12 dB.
• Indoor location probability – This parameter defines the probability of
connection in indoors, value depending onclutter and area, varies from 85 – 95%
•
These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
Customer confidential
26 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Correspondingly clutter and areadependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.
• Shadowing margin – This is calculated from indoor location
probability and standard deviation. Typicalvalues for slow fading margins for 90-95%
coverage probability are:▪ outdoor: 6 – 8 dB (lower for suburban/rural)
▪ indoor: 10 – 15 dB (lower for suburban/rural)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 27/88
R99 UL Link Budget
marginfadeslowBPLgainULSHO-marginfadefastULgainMHA-
losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI
+++
+−=s
• Isotropic power required
– Required signal power is calculated totake into account the buildingpenetration loss and indoor standard
deviation as well as receiver sensitivityand additional margins.
Customer confidential
27 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Allowed propagation lossrequiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. =loss p Allowedpro
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 28/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget – Uplink
– Downlink
•
Customer confidential
28 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• HSUPA link budget• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 29/88
R99 DL Link Budget
• The calculation is done for each service(bit rate) separately
– Bit rate depends on service, whichcan vary in speech service bit rates
(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well asvideo service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Customer confidential
29 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• overage m ng serv ce can e e ne
based on customer inputs or lowest pathloss based on calculations
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 30/88
R99 DL Link Budget
Transmitter – Node B• Max Tx Power (total)
– Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W = 43dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node B typeand configuration.
– This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power perradio link.
• Max Tx power per radio link
– Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL powercalculation.
• TX power per user
– Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link
Customer confidential
30 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink +−=
u ge ca cu a on s use o e ne ow muc power sused per user)
– This parameter notifies the average user location such as6 dB which correspond to average user location.
• MHA insertion loss
– In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed. Commonly0.5 assumed.
• Other margins
– Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.
• EIRP
– EIRP is calculated as follows
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 31/88
DL Power calculation
• The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods – Max DL RL power
▪ This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters
– DL Tx power per user▪ average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.
• In case of low load then Max DL RL power is limiting• In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting
• The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors
Customer confidential
31 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX power peruser EIRP is calculated as follows:
• As an example:
Service Type Speech CS Data PS Data
Downlink bit rate 12.2 64 64 128 384 kbps
Max tx power per connection 34.2 37.2 37.2 40.0 40.0 dBm
Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load 34.6 38.6 37.6 40.3 42.0 dBm
EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain) 52.2 55.2 55.2 58.0 58.0 dBm
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink +−=
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 32/88
Max Tx power per radio link
• The maximum allowed downlink transmit power for eachconnection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality
– Vendor specific
• In NSN RAN the maximum DL power depends on – Connection bit rate
– Service E b / N 0 requirement (internal RNC info)
Customer confidential
32 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters• Actual available DL power per user depends on maximum total
BTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (Allusers share same amplifier)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 33/88
• DL coverage based on max. RL power set by RNC – Realistic effect of RNC parameters taken into account
• The maximum downlink transmit power is computed using the equations:
– For real time
– And for non-real time
Max Tx power per radio link
( )lated MaxDLCalcuPtxDPCHmaxPtxmax MinStreamingonalConversati MaxDLPower ,) / ( +=
( ) xPtxDLabsMalated MaxDLCalcuPtxDPCHmaxPtxmax Min Background e Interactiv MaxDLPower ,,) / ( +=
Service Type 3.4 kbps 13.6 kbps standalone 12.2 kbps speech +
64 kbps data +
128 kbps data +
384 kbps data +
Customer confidential
33 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Above calculation includes following assumptions and factors,
▪ Ptxmax = 43 dBm for a 20 W cell and Ptxmax = 46 dBm for a 40 W cell
▪ PtxDPCHmax is database parameter which defines the maximum code channeloutput power for the power control dynamic range of BTS. Default -3 dB
▪ MaxDLcalculated is calculated as follows
▪ Where in:
• PtxPrimaryCPICH which is the transmission power of the primary common pilot channel
• CPICHtoRefRABOffset which defines the offset of the primary CPICH tx power, and themaximum DL transmission power of the reference service channel in DL power allocation
×
×+××+−=
)10(
)10()7.310(10RePr
Re10
1010
Re
f
EbNo
Serv
EbNo EbNo
BR
BR LOG fRABOffset CPICHtoimaryCPICH PTxlated MaxDLCalcu
f
ServSRB
RNC Downlink EbNo
ServiceBit Rate(kbps)
Eb/No(dB)
SRB 3.7 8
Voice 12.2 8
Data 64 4.5
Data 128 4.5
Data 384 4.5
. . . .
Maximum DL power 29.8 dBm 33.8 dBm 34.2 dBm 37.2 dBm 40.0 dBm 40 dBm
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 34/88
Average pathloss
Average pathloss
IPLcorr is the max to average
pathloss ratio
corr edgecell IPL L L _=
edgecell
corr
L
L IPL
_
=
Customer confidential
34 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
BS
2R
( )( )∫ ∫
∫ ∫++=
++
=−
π
π
ϕ ϕ π
ϕ ϕ π
0
1
0
2
1
0 0
22
2
sec3_ )cos(212
1
)2(
)cos(22
d dssss R
d dr r r rR R R
IPL
n
nn
n R
t corr
Slope n
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 35/88
DL peak to average ratio (IPL correction factor) – mathematical analysis:
• resultsPropagationslope
IPLcorr_omni IPLcorr_3sect IPLcorr_omni
(dB)IPLcorr_sect
(dB)
2 0.5 0.38 -3.0 -4.3
3 0.4 0.27 -4.0 -5.7
3.3 0.38 0.25 -4.2 -6.0
Average pathloss – IPL correction
Customer confidential
35 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Recent simulations confirm that -6.5…-6 dB is a valid value with antenna patternand >= 5 degree tilt
3.5 0.36 0.24 -4.4 -6.3
3.7 0.35 0.23 -4.5 -6.5
4 0.33 0.21 -4.8 -6.8
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 36/88
R99 DL Link Budget
Receiver - Handset
• Handset Noise Figure
– Handset NF varies between frequency
and can vary between different models• Interference margin
– Interference margin is defined basedon downlink load and interference
Customer confidential
36 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
marginceinterferenfigurenoiseHandsetnoisehermal_I ++= T floor enterferenc
• Thermal noise
– As defined in Uplink
• Interference floor
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 37/88
Handset Noise Figure
• Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well asbetween models
• 3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance for
different frequencies – For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dB requirement
for UE
Customer confidential
37 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– or ower requenc es e.g. z requ remen s spec e
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 38/88
R99 DL Link Budget
• Service Eb/No
– Related to the selected service in DL
– Channel model
– BLER targets etc, – Refer to Uplink part
• Service Processing gain
– Related to the service bit rate
Customer confidential38 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Receiver Sensitivity – As defined in UL
GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver −+= I
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 39/88
R99 DL Link Budget
• RX antenna gain
– Commonly in data cards some antenna gain isdefined, commonly this is just 2 dBi. Assumptionneeds to be as defined in UL
• Body loss
– Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider thebody loss if defined e.g. for voice service in UL
• DL Fast fading margin
– No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was noted
Customer confidential39 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
.applied due to lower power control dynamicrange.
• SHO gain
– In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticedcompared to the UL.
• Gain against shadowing
– This is harmonized between UL/DL as theselection of better cell can happen in eitherdirection independently.
S f H d (MDC) G i DL
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 40/88
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – DL
• In edge of the cell a 3 – 4 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL E b / N 0 inSHO situations compared to single link reception
– Combination of 2 – 3 signals
– Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB
• In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an average over thecell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining
– soft and softer handovers included
Customer confidential40 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪ from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover
– average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the averagedifference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)
▪ 40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft handover
▪ taking into account the effect multiple transmitters
▪ combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool
– in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)
S ft H d (MDC) G i DL
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 41/88
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain – DL
Dynamic SimulatorGain in total transmit power of two linksReceiver sensitivity gain + 3 dB
Total DL Tx power of all branches
-
-1
0
1
2
M D C g a i n ( d B )
Customer confidential41 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h
-4
-3
0 5 10
Difference between the SHO links (dB)
S H O
Soft HO
Softer HO
R99 DL Li k B d t
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 42/88
R99 DL Link Budget
• The rest of the calculation are as shownin Uplink link budget
– Building penetration loss as defined for UL
– Location probability and standard
deviation as defined for UL
• Isotropic calculation and allowedpropagation loss are calculated almost asearlier with few differences (no MHA gain,
These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
Customer confidential42 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
ga ns an ac ors
marginfadeslowBPLgainDLSHO-marginfadefastDL
losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI
+++
+−=s
requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. =loss p Allowedpro
Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 43/88
Link budget for different frequencies and BTS types
• The main performance differences between BTS types and carrierfrequencies are related to
– Noise figure
– Transmit power – Feeder loss
– Antenna gain
Customer confidential43 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
HSDPA SchedulerFlexi
900 MhzFlexi
2100 MHzUltasite
(2100 MHz)
Noise figure 2.3 dB 2 dB 3 dB
Transmit power 40 W 20 W, 40 W 20 W, 40 W
Feeder loss (example) 3.7 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100m 6.5 dB/100mAntenna gain (example, same v. dimension) 14.5 dB 17.5 dB 17.5 dB
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 44/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget• HSDPA link budget
– Uplink
Customer confidential44 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
–
• HSUPA link budget• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 45/88
Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA
• Overall same approach as normal R99uplink link budget except therequirement to include a peakoverhead for the HS-DPCCH
• HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependentupon the selected associated DCH(16/64/128/384).
– Use the values with soft handover as atthe cell edge connection is commonly in
Customer confidential45 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
SHO
– Without SHO can be used in somespecial case like I-HSPA without Iurinterfaces
• Rest of the link budget is the same asfor a conventional Uplink link budget
• The soft handover gain has effect onthe cell radius and site coverage
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 46/88
Module Contents
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget• HSDPA link budget
– Uplink
–
Customer confidential46 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• HSUPA link budget• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 47/88
HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET
• In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted
– Target HSDPA bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottomto determine the maximum allowed path loss
▪ HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput
– Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed frombottom to top to determine the achievable HSDPA bit rate at cell edge
Customer confidential47 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• e o a ransm power ass gne o e - an - epen s on
RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH trafficload
• HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover, which leads to SHO gain of 0 dB
• An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL whenHSDPA is active
HS-PDSCH link budget
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 48/88
HS-PDSCH link budget
Max Tx power is the allocated power for HS-PDSCH which depends on the CCCH and in
shared carrier also on the required DCH power41 dBm in 20 W dedicated HSDPA carrier
SINR Requirement depends on the required
Cell edge throughput affects the requiredSINR
Customer confidential48 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
ce e ge t roug put
Spreading gain is calculated from the usedspreading factor 16
Soft handover gain is 0 dB because no
SHO on HS-PDSCH
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 49/88
• The HSDPA power corresponds to the total transmitpower assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH. – Thus in dimensioning the HS-SCCH power have to noticed
from the total HSDPA power.
• C/I requirement computed from SINR rather than Eb/Nolike in R99
R99
HSDPA
C/I Requirement = Eb/No – Processing Gain
C/I Requirement = SINR – Spreading GainSpreading Gain = 12 dB,
due to the SF16
SINR-throughput mapping
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS PDSCH link budget
Power available for
HS-PDSCH (excluding
HS-SCCH power and other
services)
Cell edge throughput
Interference margin based
on full power usage
Customer confidential49 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• - s ou correspon to t e targete ce
edge throughput• Relationship between SINR and RLC throughput can bevalidated as part of a practical investigation
• No fast fade margin because no inner loop power control
• HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover
• Other differences:
– UE antenna gain can be assumed to be 2 dBi or 0 dBi
– No body loss
– No soft ho gain
• Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB, referring to macro cellenvironment best cell selection
No SHO
HSDPA signal quality SINR
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 50/88
S readinTransmitted
HS-PDSCH
HSDPA signal quality SINR
• HSDPA signal quality (SINR) depends on
– Available power for HSDPA
– Channel conditions
– Cell range (pathloss) – Interference level over cell area
Customer confidential50 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
GeometryFactor
Total TransmitPower
Factor
Orthogonalityfactor
power
+−⋅
= −
GP
PSF SINR
tot
PDSCH HS
11
16
α
SINR and HSDPA Throughput
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 51/88
SINR and HSDPA Throughput
• The single-user HSDPAthroughput versus its averageHS-DSCH SINR is plotted.
• Notice that these results includethe effect of fast fading anddynamic HS-DSCH linkadaptation (and HARQ).
e r a g e s i n g l e - u s e r t h r o u g h p u t [ M b p s ]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h
Customer confidential51 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
-
23 dB is required to achieve themaximum data rate of 3.6 Mbpswith 5 HS-PDSCH codes
• Benefit from using higher codes(10/15) is only experienced for
higher SINR values >10 dB
A
Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]
-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 300
Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]
Common celledge condition
Insidemacro
cell
Micro cell,
LOS, lowinterference
R l 5 HSDPA D li k HS PDSCH li k b d t
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 52/88
Cell radius calculation
• The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs
• Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W)
• Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs and with
different HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget
Customer confidential52 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
HS-SCCH LINK BUDGET
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 53/88
• HS-SCCH makes use of power control based uponHS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK
• Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit poweralthough a greater power can be assigned for UE at
cell edge
14000
16000
18000
HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm
HSDPA Tx Power = 35 dBm
Customer confidential53 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 4 0
8 0
1 2 0
1 6 0
2 0 0
2 4 0
2 8 0
3 2 0
3 6 0
4 0 0
4 4 0
4 8 0
5 2 0
5 6 0
6 0 0
6 4 0
6 8 0
7 2 0
7 6 0
8 0 0
HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)
O c c u r a n c e s
HSDPA Tx Power = 40 dBm
• HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover
HSDPA throughput – Orthogonality
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 54/88
g p g y
• Close to the BTS the own cellinterference dominates andSINR depends only on HSDPA
power share of total cell powerand orthogonality
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
h o g o n a l i t y
= − PDSCH HS P
Customer confidential54 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Even in these optimalconditions high throughput
requires high orthogonality – Orthogonality of higher than 0.9
can be achieved in isolatedenvironment
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Throughput, kbps
O r t
10% BTS pow er for HSDPA 50% BTS pow er for HSDPA80% BTS pow er for HSDPA
( )α −⋅ 1tot P
Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link budget
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 55/88
p g
• UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL powerlimitation
– Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate
• Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power – 4W 75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W 330 kbit/s, 16 W 430 kbit/s
165.00
Customer confidential55 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
130.00
135.00
140.00
145.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
M a x i m u m p a t h l o s s
PS 16 UL, HSDPA
PS 64 UL, HSDPA
PS 128 UL, HSDPA
PS 384 UL, HSDPA
HSDPA, 4 W
HSDPA, 8 W
HSDPA, 12 W
HSDPA, 16 W
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 56/88
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget
• HSDPA link budget
Customer confidential56 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• HSUPA link budget
• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 57/88
• Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of twoapproaches can be adopted
– target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budgetcompleted from top to bottom to determine the
maximum allowed path loss
– existing maximum allowed path loss can bespecified and link budget completed from bottom toto to determine the achievable u link bit rate at cell
Customer confidential57 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
edge
• Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of aR99 DCH
• HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/Nofigures rather than SINR figures
Eb/N l k t bl
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 58/88
Eb/No look-up tables
Cell Edge Throughput
Target BLER
Propagation Channel
used to index the Eb/Nolook-up table and determinean appropriate Eb/No figureas well as calculate
Customer confidential58 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
process ng ga n
• Eb/No values are included for
• Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps
• Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 %
• Propagation channels Vehicular A 30 km/hr and Pedestrian A 3 km/hr• Eb/No values include E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 59/88
• Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a HSDPA
associated R99 DPCH link budget.• Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured for either
a data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2 dBi
• HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Next tableshows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHO case:
• =
Customer confidential59 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Margin - Own Connection Interference
• Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)
• The own connection interference factor reduces the uplinkinterference floor by the UE’s own contribution to the uplinkinterference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power
• This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets becausethe contribution from each UE is relatively small
• This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplinkbit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contributionfrom each UE can be more significant
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 60/88
• The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that for aR99 DCH link budget
• Receiver Sensitivity = Interference floor + Eb/No -
Customer confidential60 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Processing Gain
• Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are the same asfor a R99 DCH link budget
• same fast fade margin due to same inner loop powercontrol
• No differences in calculations
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 61/88
Introduction
Link budget calculation
• R99 link budget
• HSDPA link budget
Customer confidential61 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• n u get
• CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell coverage area prediction
CPICH link budgetChannel CPICH
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 62/88
• CPICH reception is required for cellaccess and synchronisation
• The CPICH link budget is similar to thedownlink service link budget
• The CPICH transmit ower is defined b
Channel CPICH
Service Pilot
Transmitter - Node B
Pilot Tx Power 33.00 dBm
Cable Loss 0.5 dBi
MHA Insertion Loss 0.0 dB
Tx Antenna Gain 18 dB
EIRP 50.5 dBm
Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure 7 dB
Thermal Noise -108 dBm
Downlink Load 80 dB
Interference Margin 6.99 dB
Interference Floor -94.0 dBm
Customer confidential62 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
RNC parameter
• The CPICH link budget is calculatedbased on C/I requirement (E c /I o ) of -15 dB
• CPICH reception does not benefit fromsoft handover
Required Ec/Io -15.0 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -109.0 dBm
Rx Antenna Gain 0 dB
Body Loss 3 dB
DL Fast Fade Margin 0 dB
SHO gain 0 dB
Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB
Building Penetration Loss 12 dB
Indoor Location Prob. 90 %
Indoor Standard Dev. 10 dB
Shadowing Margin 7.8 dB
Isotropic Power Required -88.7 dB
Allowed Prop. Loss 139.2 dB
Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 63/88
• The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power
• Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease the celledge throughput
– 2W pilot 142 dB and 550 kbit/s – 3W pilot 145 dB and 440 kbit/s
– 4W pilot 147 dB and 350 kbit/s
Customer confidential
63 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
M a x
i m u m p
a t h l o s s 2W CPICH
3W CPICH
4W CPICH
HSDPA, 2W CPICH
HSDPA, 3W CPICH
HSDPA, 4W CPICH
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 64/88
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Customer confidential
64 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Shadowing margin
• Building penetration loss
• Body loss
Cell coverage area prediction
Planning margins
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 65/88
• Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path lossestimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna
• In coverage planning additional “planning margins” are introduced
to take into account – Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio path Slow fading
Customer confidential
65 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– gna a enua on y u ng s ruc ures or n oor users
– Attenuation to the signal caused by phone user Body loss▪ If not taken into account in link budget
Slow fading margin
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 66/88
• Slow fading is caused by signalshadowing due to obstructions on theradio path
• A cell with a range predicted from
maximum pathloss will have aCoverage Probability of about 75 %
– Lot of coverage holes due to
Max pathlossfrom link budget
Pathloss
Max pathlossfrom link budget
Pathloss
- Slow fadingmargin
Customer confidential
66 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Slow fading margin (SFM) is requiredin order to achieve higher coveragequality, Coverage Probability
– Smaller cell, less coverage holes overcell area
• Cell range from prediction model
prediction model
Cell Range
Coverageprobability = 75% outdoors
prediction model
Cell Range
Coverageprobability > 75% outdoor( ) ........max =⇒−= RSFM L R f
Coverage Probability = Area Location Probability over Cell Area
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 67/88
• In dimensioning, the Area Location Probability of a single cell isdefined instead of Point Location Probability at Cell Edge.
• Area Location Probability over Cell Area – means the probability
that the average received field strength is better than the minimumneeded received signal strength (in order to make a successfulphone call) within the cell. The difference between Point & Areal i n r ili i ill r l w
Customer confidential
67 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Point Location Probability
Area Location Probability
Fu
Cell Edge Location Probability
Ph Location Probability over Cell Area
Point Location Probability at Cell Edge
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 68/88
• As shown previously, the Slow Fading (log-normal fading) isnormal distributed with the distrbution function
• The probability, Pxo that r exceeds some threshold, x o at a given
2
2
2
)(
22
1)( σ
σ π
⋅
−−
⋅⋅⋅
=
mr r
e r p
Customer confidential
68 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
⋅
−⋅+=
⋅⋅⋅
= ∫∞
⋅
−−
22
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
)(
20
2
2
0
σ
σ π
σ
m
x
r r
x
r x erf
r d e p
m
Refer to Cellular Radio Performance Engineering, Chapter 2, e.g. 2.9 Page 29
Jakes, W.C.Jr. Microwave Mobile Communications. USA 1974, John Wiley & Sons. 473 p
.
point location probability can be written as the upper tail probabilityof the above equation :
Slow FadingMargin, SFM
From Point Location Probability to Area LocationProbability
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 69/88
F
R
p dAu x=
⋅
⋅ ∫1
2 0
π
Area Location ProbabilityPoint Location Probabilitiespx0
Probability
Customer confidential
69 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
F erf a e erf a bb
u
a b
b= + + ⋅ − ⋅ +
⋅ ⋅ +
12
1 1 1
2 1
2( )
2
)( 00
⋅
−=
σ
P xa
2
log 10
⋅
⋅
= σ
e
b
P 0 field strength threshold value at cell edgeγ path loss slope
Slow FadingMargin, SFM
StandardDeviation, σ σ
Slow Fading MarginPoint Location
Area Location
Slow fading margin
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 70/88
Slow Fading Margin
SFM [dB] (xo-Po)Probability,
Pxo
a bArea Location
Probability, Fu
-5.00 26.60% -0.4419 1.2964 56.00%
-4.50 28.69% -0.3977 1.2964 58.00%
-4.00 30.85% -0.3536 1.2964 59.99%
-3.50 33.09% -0.3094 1.2964 61.97%
-3.00 35.38% -0.2652 1.2964 63.93%
-2.50 37.73% -0.2210 1.2964 65.86%
-2.00 40.13% -0.1768 1.2964 67.76%
-1.50 42.56% -0.1326 1.2964 69.63%
-1.00 45.03% -0.0884 1.2964 71.45%
-0.50 47.51% -0.0442 1.2964 73.23%
0.00 50.00% 0.0000 1.2964 74.96%
0.50 52.49% 0.0442 1.2964 76.63%
1.00 54.97% 0.0884 1.2964 78.25%
• Slow fading margin valuespresented for the differentPoint Location and Area
Location Probability values
Standard Deviation, ss = 8dB
Customer confidential
70 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
1.50 57.44% 0.1326 1.2964 79.81%
2.00 59.87% 0.1768 1.2964 81.30%
2.50 62.27% 0.2210 1.2964 82.73%3.00 64.62% 0.2652 1.2964 84.09%
3.50 66.91% 0.3094 1.2964 85.38%
4.00 69.15% 0.3536 1.2964 86.61%
4.50 71.31% 0.3977 1.2964 87.76%
5.00 73.40% 0.4419 1.2964 88.85%
5.50 75.41% 0.4861 1.2964 89.87%
6.00 77.34% 0.5303 1.2964 90.82%
6.50 79.17% 0.5745 1.2964 91.71%7.00 80.92% 0.6187 1.2964 92.53%
7.50 82.57% 0.6629 1.2964 93.29%
8.00 84.13% 0.7071 1.2964 93.99%
8.50 85.60% 0.7513 1.2964 94.64%
8.80 86.43% 0.7777 1.2964 95.00%
9.50 88.25% 0.8397 1.2964 95.77%
10.00 89.44% 0.8839 1.2964 96.25%
=
Point Location Probability = 50 %Area Location Probability = 75 %
Building penetration loss
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 71/88
signal level increases with floor~
• Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings areestimated by applying a “Building Penetration Loss (BPL)” margin
• Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to
shadowing by building structures – There are big differences between rooms with window and “deep indoor” (10
..15 dB)
Customer confidential
71 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Pref = 0 dB
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
rear side :-18 ...-30 dB
,..10th floor)
Area Location Probability – Indoors
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 72/88
Add mean values,superimpose standard deviations
• For indoor location area probability calculation, mean penetration losses have tobe added, and increased standard deviation needs to be taken into account aswell:
Customer confidential
72 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
( ) ........=⇒−−= R BPLSFM L R f
222
21
...
...
1 N indoor indoor outdoor
N mmm BPL
σ σ σ σ +++=
+++=
BPL: Building Penetration Loss [dB]
Module Contents
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 73/88
Introduction
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Customer confidential
73 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Cell coverage area prediction
• Propagation models
• Cell range to cell area
Propagation Models
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 74/88
• Empirical
• Semi-empirical
An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created.Those models can be used only in the environments similar to theexamined one. The small changes in the environment characteristic
can cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.
Combination of empirical and
Customer confidential
74 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Deterministic
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmittedand receiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc .Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accuratedescription of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.
. .COST Hata can be combined with
the theoretical knife edge model).
Propagation Models used in common planning tools
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 75/88
Okumura-Hata• The most commonly used statistical model
Walfish-Ikegami
• Statistical model especially for urban environmentsJuul-Nyholm
• Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
S t a t i s t i c al ⇒
t o b e
t un e
Customer confidential
75 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)
Ray-tracing
• Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments
D e t er mi ni s
t i c
Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 76/88
• In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G,some additional measurements and adjustments were done in the framework ofEuropean Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research (COST)
• The validity range for the extended model:
– Frequency f: 150 MHz – 2000 MHz
– Distance R: 1-20 km
– BS height hBS: 10-200m
Customer confidential
76 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– MS height hMS: 1-10m
• The correction factor c present in the model depends on area type
area typecorrection
factor [dB]
dense urban areas -3city center areas 0
suburban areas 12,27
rural areas 32,52
( ) ( )
+⋅−⋅
+
⋅=
94.44log33.18log78.4
4.528log2
10
2
10
2
10
f f
f
CorrectionFactor
for suburban areasfor rural areas
Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 77/88
ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+
log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010
+
⋅⋅+⋅⋅
.............=⇒ R
Customer confidential
77 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
[ ]8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h
MHz2000<f MHz150033.90
MHz1500 f MHz150 26.16 =B
MHz2000f MHz150046.30
MHz1500 f MHz150 69.99 =A
10MS10MS −⋅⋅⋅
<
<
<<
<<
f
Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 78/88
• Model for urban macrocellular propagation
– Antenna close to roof-top level
• Assumes regular city layout (“Manhattan grid”)
• Total path loss consists of two parts:NLOS
• roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
LOS• line-of-sight loss
Customer confidential
78 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
h
w
b
d
• mobile environment losses
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 79/88
• This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared especially for the typical antennasplacement in 3G (below the roof top).
• The validity range: – Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz
– BS height: 4 – 50 m (above roof-top)
Customer confidential
79 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– MS height: 1 – 3 m
– Distance: 0.02 – 5 km
• Path loss with LOS between MS & BS
)(log26)(log206.42 1010 R f L LOS ++=.............=⇒ R
LOS: Line-off-sight
Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 80/88
• Line-of-sight path (LOS)
– Use free space propagation
– Applicable for microwave & satellite links
• “Non-line-of-sight” path (NLOS) – Heavy diffraction, refraction situations
– Great uncertainties in modeling
Customer confidential
80 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction
– Use ray-tracing models
▪ Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)
“Manhattan grid”model
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 81/88
Path loss without LOS between MS & BS
L0: free space propagationL1: multi screen diffraction loss
L2: roof top to street diffraction & scatter loss
++
=
,
,
0
210
L
L L L
L NLOS
0
0
21
21
≤+
>+
L L
L L
Customer confidential
81 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
)(log20)(log2044.32 10100 d f L ++=
⋅−
⋅+
⋅+−
+−∆++−−=
,114.00.4
,075.05.2
,354.010
)(log20)(log10)(log109.16 1010102
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
MS hh f w L
w: Mean street width: [m]
b: Mean building spacing [m]∆h: Mean building height [m]ϕ: Mean angle between propagation path & street [°]
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 82/88
Path loss without LOS between MS & BS (continue)
)lg(9)lg()lg(111 b f k d k k L L f d a −⋅+⋅++=
hh BS ∆>
∆−+−
=,0
),1lg(18
11
hh L
BS
hh BS ∆≤
Customer confidential
82 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
( )
−+−
−+−=
∆
∆−⋅−
=
⋅∆−⋅−
∆−⋅−=
,1925
7.04
,19257.04
,1518
,18
,5.0
)(8.054
),(8.054
,54
f
f
k
h
hhk
d hh
hhk
f
BS d
BS
BS a
BS
hh BS ∆>
hh BS ∆≤
hh BS ∆≤
hh BS ∆≤ 5.0>d
and
and
5.0≤d
Medium sized cities and suburban centres
Metropolitan centres
Mean building spacing: b [m]Mean building height: ∆h [m]
Propagation Models – Microcell
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 83/88
Ray tracing Raylaunching
Customer confidential
83 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Tx
Tx
• Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms
computer power consuming.
• Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.
Coverage Area – Coverage Area in Dimensioning
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 84/88
• After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated
• When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is takeninto account
Customer confidential
84 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
R
Omni
A = 2,6 R12
Bi-sector
A= 1,73 R22
Tri-sector
A = 1,95 R32
R
Coverage Area – Hexagons vs. Cells
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 85/88
• Three hexagons • Three cells
Customer confidential
85 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Cell range calculations – Example
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 86/88
• Differences on planning margin are reflected to cell size
Indoor
Speech 1.1 km Uplink limited
Video call 1.1 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/384 0.7 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited
2100 MHz
G_ant = 18.5 dBi
Customer confidential
86 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 0.6 km Downlink limited
Indoor
Speech 2.0 km Uplink limited
Video call 2.0 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/384 1.2 km Uplink limitedPS Data 384/HSDPA 384 1.4 km Downlink limited
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 1.5 km Downlink limited
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 1.3 km Downlink limited
900 MHzG_ant = 16 dBi
Effect of planning margin on coverage area
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 87/88
• Planning margin parameter settings have a major effect on the cellarea calculations
NRT 64/384 planning margin effect on Coverage Area(stepped +/- 1dB)
80%
100%
120%
a
Customer confidential
87 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%40%
60%
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Change of parameter
E f f e c t i n C o v e r a
g e A r e
Building penetration loss change (ref = 16dB)
Indoor standard deviation change (ref = 12dB)
Module 5 – Coverage dimensioning
7/27/2019 05 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/05-rn31546en10gla0-coverage-dimensioning 88/88
Summary
• Planning margins are required in order to achievetarget Coverage Probability
• Pilot power planning thresholds have to be defined fordifferent services and area types
Customer confidential
88 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• e range s ca cu ate w t a pat oss pre ct on
model• Link budget calculation involves many estimates and
assumptions “Educated guess”