07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 1
Ross Kapitzke Environmental Engineer
EIANZ Symposium 2009, Brisbane, 06-08/05/09
Breaking the Barriers: Engineering Solutions to Ecological Problems
Retrofit or new: It’s amazing what a fishway can do
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 2
Aims of my talk
» Connectivity impacts and fish movement behaviour
» Migration barriers and multipurpose design requirements
» Barrier mitigation options and their characteristics
» Case study fishway projects in Queensland
» The way forward for fish passage planning and design
Presentation outline
» Demonstrate significance of aquatic connectivity impacts
» Outline an ecohydraulics approach to fish passage design
» Illustrate successful barrier mitigation projects
» Bust some myths on aquatic connectivity / fish passage
#5 - Mitigation design is a compromise “engineering solution”
#6 - Terrestrial connectivity is the principal field for barrier mitigation
#3 - Enlarging the culvert or “roughening” the bed will solve the problem
#1 - Fish passage design for road crossings is well established in Australia
#2 - Barrier mitigation merely involves overcoming high velocities
#4 - Mandating a bridge is essential for high value habitat crossings
Busting some conceptual myths on aquatic connectivity
Breaking the Barriers: Engineering Solutions to Ecological Problems
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Mullet
Commercial fisheries
Jungle perch
Recreational fishing
Gudgeon
Conservation & biodiversity
Barramundi
Traditional/cultural values
Freshwater fish values
» Life cycle stages - Spawning and growth dispersal
» Recolonising habitats in response to flood or drought
» Compensation for downstream drift
» Gene flow through evolutionary-scale movement
Migration requirements for freshwater fish
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 5
Stream zones, fish life cycles, habitat zones & migration
Spawning habitat
Growth habitat
Potamodromous
Wholly freshwater
Catadromous
Marine spawning
Anadromous
Freshwater spawning
Juvenile dispersal migration
Adult spawning migration
Adult dispersal migration
Intermediate / transfer
Upland / headwater
Lowland / floodplain / freshwater wetland
Estuary / coastal / saline wetland
Stream Zones
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 6
Fish migration barriers in a catchment
Dams, weirs, barrages
Culverts, causeways
Flood gates, tide gates
Drop structures
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Fish migration barriers – small waterway structures
Dams, weirs, barrages
Flood gates, tide gates
Culverts, causeways
Control structures, drop boards
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 8
Waterway connectivity barriers - linear infrastructure
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 9
Establishing fish passage design for road crossings in Australia
Busting Myth #1 - Fish passage design is not simply transferred from N Hemisphere
Aquatic connectivity contrasts: Northern Hemisphere & Australia
» Inter-annual flow variation
» Seasonal flow variation
» Perennial / intermittent flow
Waterway type and hydrology
» Pipe culverts / box culverts
» Single cell / multi-cell
Waterway crossing structure type
» Anadromous / Catadromous
» Swim capability
» Ability to jump
Fish species movement behaviour
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 10
velocity
turbulence
water surface drop
water depth
lack of shelter
channel simplification
Fish passage barrier problems – culvert inlet, outlet, barrel
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 11
Principal hydraulic barriers at waterway crossing zones
Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
High velocity √ √ √ √Flow depth √ √ √
Turbulence √ √ √ √Water drop √ √ √
No shelter √ √ √
Busting Myth #2 - Migration barriers usually include more than high barrel velocities07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 12
Cubberla Ck Moggill Road crossing - Fish passage remediation
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
Cubberla Creek
Brisbane River
Cubberla Creek – Brisbane City catchments
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 13
N
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 14
Cubberla Creek: Moggill Road culvert and aquatic habitat pools
Legend
N
Kenmore Tavern
QAS
Cubberla Creek
Eastern Arm
Pool
Riffle
Sutling Street NCD – pools and riffles
Concrete drain invert
Moggill Road
Sutling Street
Boblynne Street
Flow
City
Kenmore
Moggill Road culvert fishway
2‐cell box culvert
V‐base box culvert
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 15
Movie 1 – Cubberla Creek culvert fish passage barriers
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 16
A – Downstream channel
B – Culvert outlet
C – V-Base culvert barrel
D – Transition
E – Box culvert barrel
Fish migration barriers at Moggill Road crossing
F – Culvert inlet / weir
G – Upstream channel
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 17
Moggill Road crossing: Barriers to upstream migration
Zone D Zone C Zone A
Flow 2 – cell box culvert – land bridge
Zone G Zone F Zone E
V base box culvert – Moggill Road
Zone B
Medium flow
Low flow
A – Downstream channel
» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
B – Culvert outlet» High velocities
» Excess turbulence
» Shallow flow
C – V-Base culvert barrel
» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
F – Culvert inlet / weir» High velocities
» Excess turbulence
» Water surface drop
D – Transition» High velocities
» Excess turbulence
» Shallow water
E – Box culvert barrel» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
G – Upstream channel» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 18
Overall waterway
Culvert barrel
Culvert outlet
Culvert inlet
Flow
Barrier mitigation components - Culvert fishway
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 19
Fish passage design for waterway structures – key requirements
Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
» Minimise obstruction to flow to not adversely affect flood capacity
» Minimise debris accumulation and sediment deposition
» Provide for ready cleaning and maintenance of culvert
» Provide for transport, drainage and other utility functions
» Maintain integrity of structure and adjoining waterway
Drainage, utility & stream integrity
» Provide suitable hydraulic conditions for fish – velocity, flow depth…
» Provide flow continuity, fish pathway and attraction flows
» Provide suitable conditions at fishway exit for fish to pass upstream
Fish passage
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Fish passage mitigation approaches for road-waterway crossings
Overall waterway
Arch culvert
Bridge
Culvert barrel
Stream simulation
Plain culvert
Baffles
Culvert inlet, outlet & downstream
Apron baffle
Rock ramp
» Flexible solutions for range of structures / conditions
» Provides controlled / quantifiable hydraulic conditions
» Used in dedicated barrels for multi-barrel culverts
» Used for new structures or retrofit – without removal
Hydraulic design approach using baffles
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 21
Fishway component types for culverts and open channelsSource: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
» Offset baffle fishway
» Corner “EL” baffle fishway
Baffle fishways for box culverts
» Offset baffle fishway
» Corner “Quad” baffle fishway
Baffle fishways for pipe culverts
» Rock ramp fishway
» Rock ramp cascade fishway
Ramp fishways for open channels
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 22
Application of fishway components in hydraulic zones
Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
Busting Myth #3 – Enlarging the culvert or roughening the bed are not enough
Offset baffle - box √ √ √
Corner “EL” baffle √ √ √Offset baffle - pipe √
Corner “Quad” baffle √Rock ramp √ √
Rock ramp / cascade √
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 23
Prototype #1 Discovery Drive offset baffle fishway
Prototype #2 Douglas Arterial Project rock ramp fishway
Prototype #3 Solander Road pipe culvert fishway
Prototype #4 Discovery Drive corner baffle fishway
University Creek, Townsville, north Queensland, Australia
Prototype fishway design, development and testing
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 24
University Creek Discovery Drive prototype culvert fishways
Prototype #4 – Corner “EL” baffle Prototype #1 – Offset baffle
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 25
Long-finned eel
Black catfish
Barred Grunter
Empire gudgeon Eastern rainbowfish
Hyrtl’s tandan
Agassiz's glassfish
Spangled perch
Purple spotted gudgeon
University Ck fish community – 13 native species observed in 2003
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 26
» Water surface drop at culvert outlet
» Shallow water depth within culvert
» High velocities within culvert barrel
» Streamlined flow and lack of resting places
» Excess turbulence
» High velocities and lack of shelter at culvert inlet
Barriers to upstream migration at Discovery Drive crossing
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 27
Discovery Drive culvert fishways - Prototypes #1 and #4
Fishway Zone
Fishway Zone
Flow
Barrel 3
Barrel 2
Barrel 1
Barrel 2 Barrel 3Barrel 1
Fishway zone -corner baffle
Fishway zone -offset baffle
P #4 – Corner “EL” baffleP #1 – Offset baffle
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 28
Movie 2 – Hydraulic laboratory model testing of fishways
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
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Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
Less suited to low gradient culverts and deep slow water conditions
Suited to shallow high velocity flow in culverts
Applied to steep culverts or culverts with low tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
Offset baffle fishway for box culverts: Major featuresPrototype #1 – Discovery Drive Offset baffle fishway
Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge 07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 30
Corner “EL” baffle fishway for box culverts: Major features
Prototype #4 – Discovery Drive Corner “EL” baffle fishway
Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge
Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions
Suited to relatively deep low velocity flow in culverts
Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 31
Corner “Quad” baffle fishway for pipe culverts: Major features
Prototype #3 – Solander Road Corner ”Quad” baffle fishway
Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge
Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions
Suited to range of flow depths, including relatively deep low velocity flow
Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 32
Rock ramp fishway for open channels: Major featuresPrototype #2 – Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway
Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge
Little obstruction to flow and little effect on flow conveyance
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
Provides low velocity zones and multiple connected pathways for fish
Nature like fishways used to overcome water surface drops in streams
Suited as free standing grade control or attached to culvert inlet or outlet
Provides passage for variety of fish species at range of stream flows
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 33
Main photo source: John Smith, DMR
Tully Murray floodplain – Bruce Highway Corduroy Creek
Fish passage planning and design
» Road corridor scale
» Site scale
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 34
Tully Murray floodplain wetland habitats and fish community
Great Barrier Reef WHAWet Tropics WHAestuarine wetlandsfreshwater lagoonsperennial waterways
Local / regional environment
56 native species, including:14 catadromous species31 potamodromous species11 amphidromous species
Native freshwater fish species
Bruce Highway – Corduroy Creek to Tully
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 35
Fish movement corridors and road-waterway crossings
Fish movement corridor crossings
» 12 Class A corridors
» 7 Class B corridors
» 5 Class C corridors
Road-waterway crossing structures
» 5 multi-span bridges
» 6 multi-cell box culverts with fish passage
(1 integrated fish / fauna culvert crossing)
» 1 farm access pipe culvert with fish passage
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 36
Box culvert crossings: Barriers to upstream migration
Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
Multi–cell box culvert
Flow Low flow
Medium flow
B - Culvert outlet & apron slab
» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
Low flow Medium flow
A – Downstream channel
» Lack of attraction flow
Low flow Medium flow
» Lack of attraction flow
C - Culvert barrel
» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
Low flow Medium flow
D – Culvert inlet & upstream channel
» High velocities
» Lack of shelter
» Shallow flow
Low flow Medium flow
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
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Velocity barriers – Fish swim modes and swim speeds
Culvert inlet Culvert barrel Culvert outlet
Mode 1 Full culvert length
Fishway bafflesFlow
Medium flow
Low flow
Mode 2 Part culvert length
Culvert flow
Fish passage
Prolonged speed – maintained for 20 sec to 200 min
Culvert velocity Mode 1 – full length (15 m) Mode 2 – baffles (@ 2 m)Prolonged speed Burst speed Prolonged / burst speed
Required swim speed for fish to negotiate culvert – full or partial length
Burst speed – maintained for 5 to 20 sec
0.3 m/s ~ 0.3 m/s 1.05 m/s ~ 0.3 m/s
0.9 m/s ~ 0.9 m/s 1.65 m/s ~ 0.9 m/s
0.6 m/s ~ 0.6 m/s 1.35 m/s ~ 0.6 m/s
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 38
Box culvert crossings – Corner “EL” baffle fishway designs
Barrel 2 Barrel nBarrel 1
Corner “EL” baffle fishway
Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
Multi–cell box culvert
Flow Low flow
Medium flow
Corner “EL” baffle fishway
Low flow nib wall at inlet to barrels without fishway
“EL” baffle / floor baffle fishway
“EL” baffle / floor baffle fishway
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 39
Stream processes & environment
» Retain natural stream processes
» Protect aquatic ecosystems
» Maintain stream water quality
» Control exotic plants & animals
Fish passage
» Provide for critical flow periods
» Provide continuous fish pathway
» Ensure suitable water velocities
» Ensure suitable water depths
» Prevent adverse flow turbulence
» Provide attraction flows for fish
» Shelter fish at fishway exit
» Maintain culvert flow capacity
» Minimise debris and sediment block
» Minimise erosion effects at outlet
» Protect land, infrastructure & utility
Drainage, utility & stream integrity
» Minimise ongoing maintenance
» Ensure public safety
» Prevent public health problems
» Maintain visual amenity of site
» Minimise impact on recreation
» Protect cultural heritage of site
Operation, safety, & amenity
Fish barrier mitigation design: Multipurpose objectives
Busting Myth #5 – Mitigation design integrates ecological and engineering solutions07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 40
Statutory CommunityTechnical
Management Management
Design
Mitigation design: Statutory, community and technical frameworkAfter: Kapitzke 2003, Proceedings of the National Environment Conference, Brisbane, 18-20 June 2003
» Property owners
» Other stakeholders
» Policy & legislation
» Permits & licences
» Agency consultation
Site Assessment
» Catchment hydrology
» Habitat assessment
» Fish species assessment
» Topographic mapping
Planning & Design
» Barrier evaluation
» Environmental impacts
» Option evaluation
» Layout & configuration
Science
Busting Myth #5 – Mitigation design integrates ecological and engineering solutions
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009
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Aquatic connectivity – the hidden star of barrier mitigation
Busting Myth #6 – Terrestrial connectivity need not dominate barrier mitigation
Comparative benefits of aquatic and terrestrial connectivity
»99 % of waterways are retained in the landscape
»many waterways are significant fish movement corridors
»high connectivity effectiveness is possible for fish at crossings
»effective mitigation design is a relatively low cost solution
»mitigation design can be achieved for retrofit or new structures
07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 42
Management – Increase stakeholder recognition of aquatic connectivity
Adopt multipurpose planning and design for barrier mitigation structures
Science – Use an ecohydraulics approach to evaluate fishway designs
Integrate aquatic connectivity into linear infrastructure planning
The way forward for aquatic connectivity and fish passage design
Retrofit or new: It’s amazing what a fishway can do
Apply innovative design concepts – not speculative unfounded notions
Design – Incorporate through all phases from concept to implementation