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Chapter 1
Intro to A & P
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Anatomy v. Physiology
• Anatomy
• Physiology
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Topics of Anatomy
• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope– Regional: studied area by area– Systemic: studied system by system– Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues
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Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Considers operations of specific organ systems– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels
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Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise
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Structural & Functional Organizations
• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organism
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Organs of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Characteristics of Life
• Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
• Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body• Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust• Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells• Development: changes in an organism over time
– Differentiation: change from general to specific
– Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
• Reproduction: new cells or new organisms
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Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a stable, relatively constant internal environment– Set point: ideal value– Normal range:
variations of set point– Examples?
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Homeostatic Feedback Systems• 2 types: Negative and Positive• 3 Components
– Receptor: monitors the value of a variable– Control center: receives info from receptor,
establishes the set point, & controls effector – Effector: can change the value of the variable
• Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
• Response: produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback
• Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)
• Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels
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Positive Feedback• Response is to make
the deviation greater from set point– Example of normal
positive feedback: childbirth
– Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases
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Terminology and Body Plan• Anatomical Position
– Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
• Other Body Positions– Supine: lying face
upward– Prone: lying face
downward
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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
• Directional Terms– Superior (Cephalic)
vs. Inferior (Caudal) – Medial vs. Lateral – Proximal vs. Distal – Superficial vs. Deep– Anterior (Ventral)
vs. Posterior (Dorsal)
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Body Parts and Regions
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Body Parts and Regions
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Body Regions
• Upper limb
• Lower limb
• Central
– Trunk
• Thorax
• Abdomen – RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Body Planes• Sagittal divides body
into left and right sections
• Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections
• Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections
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Planes of Section Through an Organ
• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
• Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ
• Oblique: cut at an angle
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity– Cranial Cavity– Spinal Cavity
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Trunk Cavities
• Thoracic– Pleural
– Mediastinum• Pericardial
(diaphragm)
• Abdominopelvic– Abdominal
– Pelvic
Ventral Cavity:
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Serous Membranes
Types:• Visceral• ParietalExamples:• Pericardium• Pleural• Peritoneum• Mesenteries
The visceral peritoneum covers many abdominal organs.
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Imaging Techniques
• Radiography
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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•Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures
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• Computed Tomography (CT
Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices
of body.• Dynamic Spatial
Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.
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•Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.
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•Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.
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•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.
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•Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.