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Wood Science and Technology
Forestry and Forest Industry in China
Jingxin WangDivision of Forestry and Natural Resources
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV 26506
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• Overview
• China’s Forests
• Forest Conservation Projects
• Forest Industry
Presentation Outline
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Overview• China has 195.45 million hectares of
forests (289 million acres), 4.95% of the world’s forests, 5th position in the world.
• Current forest coverage: 20.36% (18% in 2003).
• The total standing stock volume is 17,913 million cubic meters.
• Forestland ownership: owned by the State; 60% is managed by collective farms and 40% by the state.
• Total number of employees in Forestry, Wood industry, and Pulp and paper industry: 12.9 million (2000 data).
• U.S. is the major forest products export trade partner.
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. 7th National Forest Resource Inventory Report)
809
478
310 303195 184
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Russia Brazil Canada USA China Australia
In million hectares
(Source: Deutsche Bank. 2007. China Forestry Industry)
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Overview (Cont’d)
Forestry Education in China
Currently, there are 200 universities and colleges in China that have undergraduate and junior college studies in forestry subject, including 6 forestry universities and colleges, 12 forestry technical colleges and 182 agricultural universities/colleges and other types of universities.
Forest Research in China
Chinese Academy of Forestry
Provincial Forest Research Institutes
Universities
(Source: State Forestry Administration, China)
(Source: Deutsche Bank. 2007. China Forestry Industry)
Forest Area by Forest Type
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LegendConiferous
Broad-leaved
Mixed
Bamboo
China’s Forest Distribution
Coniferous forest Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest Deciduous broad-leaved forest Evergreen broad-leaved forest, Monsoon rain forest Rain forest
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Coniferous forest in the northeast
Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest
China’s Forest Distribution (Cont’d)
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Deciduous broad-leaved forest
Evergreen broad-leaved forest
China’s Forest Distribution (Cont’d)
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Monsoon rain forest
Rain forest
China’s Forest Distribution (Cont’d)
China’s Forests - River Valleys
• 7 of the 10 largest river basins in China: Forest area – 70%; Stock volume – 60%• The area and stock volume of the forests in the drainage areas of the Heilongjiang River
and the Yangtze River make up about 50% of the total.
Stat Unit Forest Coverage(%)
Forest Area(million hectares)
Stock Volume(million cubic meters)
Yangtze River Valley 34.78 61.87 3567
Heilongjiang River Valley
42.63 39.70 3317
Pearl River Valley 49.25 21.77 840
Yellow River Valley 16.15 12.15 465
Liaohe River Valley 28.13 6.18 162
Huaihe River Valley 14.63 4.38 157
Haihe River Valley 16.25 3.84 73
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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• Major regions:– Northeast Inner Mongolia– Southwest mountainous region– Southeast low mountain and hilly forest region– Northwest mountainous forest region– Tropical forest region
• Forest area of the 5 major forest regions - More than 70% of the country's total.
• Stock volume of these regions - Nearly 90% of China's total.
China’s Forests - Forest Regions
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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33.82% 33.43%
14.82%12.03%
5.90%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Youngforest
Middle-aged
forest
Near-matureforest
Matureforest
Over-matureforest
Arbor Forest Stock Volume by Age Group
China’s ForestsArbor Forest Area and Stock Volume
11.13%
28.90%
19.83%23.64%
16.50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Youngforest
Middle-agedforest
Near-matureforest
Matureforest
Over-matureforest
Arbor Forest Area by Age Group
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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Forest Stock Volume by Forest Type (million m3)
45.81%
6.60%
35.38%
0.96%
11.25%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Protectiveforest
Specialpurpose
forest
Timberforest
Fuel-woodforest
Economicforest
China’s Forests - Forest Quality
• Arbor forest stock volume is 85.88 m3/ha.• Natural forest stock volume is 98.64
m3/ha.• Plantation is 49.01 m3/ha.
• Average annual growth of arbor forest stands: 3.85 m3/ha
• Average DHB 13.3cm. • Average number of trees per ha
is 916.
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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Tropical
Southeast
Northwest
Southwest
Northeast
Farmland shelter and sand-fixing forest project
Three-North Shelter Forest
Coastline shelter forest projectThe Yangtze river shelterbelt forest project
Major Forest Conservation Projects
• Natural forest protection • Grain for green project• Wind and sand storm source control project• Three-north and Yangtze River basin shelter forest system • Wildlife and nature reserve establishment • Fast-growing and high-yield forests
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• Completely stop harvesting in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River.
• Significantly decrease the amount of log production in the Northeast, Inner Mongolia forest regions.
• Carefully protect natural forests in other areas by the local authorities.
• The project targets to decrease the log production to 19.91 million cubic meters, and protect 94.3 million hectares of forests.
Major Forest Conservation Projects Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP)
For example, a project in Qinling mountains.
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• Control 22.68 million hectares of area with soil erosion and water problems.
• Fix 26.68 million hectares of dessertifation area.
• Decrease 260 million tons of sediment which flushed into the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.
Major Forest Conservation ProjectsGrain for Green Project
Grain for green project in Shanxi Province.
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This project is mainly to deal with the sandstorms that occur around Beijing area.
It targets to increase the forest and grass coverage rate from 6.7% to 21.4% by the end of 2010.
Major Forest Conservation ProjectsWind and Sand Storm Control
Wind and sand storm source control project in Inner Mongolia.
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Three-North and Yangtze River Basin Shelter Forest System Project - ”Green Great Wall”
• The biggest shelter forest project in China, started in 1978 and will last until 2050.
• Cover 42.4% of the total land area of China, including northeast, north central, and northwest, 13 provinces or 551 counties.
• The plantation area will reach 35.62 million hectares, and forest coverage rate will be 14.95% in the three-north area by 2050.
Major Forest Conservation Projects (Cont’d)
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Three-north projects in Xinjiang and Ningxia
Major Forest Conservation Projects
Three-north projects in Shanxi
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Three-north projects in Inner Mongolia
Major Forest Conservation Projects
Three-north projects in Heilongjiang and Liaoning
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Forest Industry Output
Forestry industry output value in 2009, with a total of 1,580 billion Yuan ($230.59 billion – $1 = 6.8 Yuan).
* Estimated.
Cultivation and forest byproducts
23%
Wood processing23%
Forest tourism9%
Pulp and paper8%
Horticulture6%
Forest operations*2%
Forest bioproducts, biofuels, chemicals, bamboo, and others
29%
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Log production in million m3 from 1997 to 2008
Forest Industry – Log Production
GuangXi13%
FuJian12%
HuNan10%
GuanDong9%YunNan
7%JiangXi
6%
HuBei4%
JiLin4%
HeiLongjiang6%
Inner Mongolia3%
Others23%
AnHui3%
69.38 million m3 in 2009
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. the 7th national forest inventory)
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Bamboo forest in Guangxi1.2 billion stems of bamboo in 2009.
Forest Industry – Log Production
3-year old eucalyptus in GuangxiNormally, harvested at 4-8 year-old.
(Source: State Forestry Administration. 2009. National forest production statistics)
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Forest Industry – Harvesting Operations
Tree-length system
Felling Delimbing LoadingSkidding
Log system
Felling Delimbing Bucking Skidding Loading
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Falling direction controlFalling direction control
Forest Industry - Felling
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Forest Industry – Delimbing and Bucking
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Forest Industry - Skidding
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Forest Industry – Loading and Transportation
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Ground-based skidding development in Heilongjiang Province.
Forest Industry (Cont’d)
(Source: Wang, L. 2009. Development of forest industry in China)
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machi ne ani malMachine Animal
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Questions??For more information, please contact: Dr. Jingxin WangDivision of Forestry and Natural ResourcesWest Virginia [email protected]