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Acids and Bases
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In the expression for [H3O+] / [H+]
1 x 10-exponent
the exponent = pH
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-pH M
pH
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pH Range
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Neutral
[H+]>[OH-] [H+] = [OH-] [OH-]>[H+]
Acidic Basic
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Some [H3O+] and pH
[H3O+] pH
1 x 10-5 M 5
1 x 10-9 M 9
1 x 10-11 M 11
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pH of Some Common Acids
gastric juice 1.0
lemon juice 2.3
vinegar 2.8
orange juice 3.5
coffee 5.0
milk 6.6
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pH of Some Common Bases
blood 7.4
tears 7.4
seawater 8.4
milk of magnesia 10.6
household ammonia 11.0
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Examples
A. The [H3O+] of tomato juice is 1 x 10-4 M.
What is the pH of the solution?1) - 4 2) 4 3) 8
B. The [OH-] of an ammonia solution is
1 x 10-3 M. What is the pH of the solution?
1) 3 2) 11 3) -11
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pH Questions
Identify each solution as1. acidic 2. basic 3. neutral
A. ___ HCl with a pH = 1.5
B. ___ Pancreatic fluid [H+] = 1 x 10-8 M
C. ___ Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0
D. ___ pH = 7.0
E. ___ [OH-] = 3 x 10-10 M
F. ___ [H+] = 5 x 10-12
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Acids
• Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water
• Conduct Electricity (electrolytes)
• Taste sour
• Corrode metals
• React with bases to form salts and water• Formulas start with H• React with metals to form H2 gas.• Change the color of indicators
– (for example: blue litmus turns to red)
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Acids Affect Indicators, by changing their color
Blue litmus paper turns red in contact with an acid (and red paper stays
red).
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Some Common Acids
HCl hydrochloric acid
HNO3 nitric acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
CH3COOH acetic acid
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Bases
Produce OH- ions in water
Formulas end in OH
Taste bitter, chalky
Are electrolytes
Feel soapy, slippery
React with acids to form salts and water
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Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Acids produce H+ in aqueous solutions water
HCl H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
Bases produce OH- in aqueous solutions
water
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
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Learning Check AB1Describe the solution in each of the following as: 1) acid 2) base or 3)neutral.A. ___soda
B. ___soapC. ___coffeeD. ___ wineE. ___ water
F. ___ grapefruit
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Solution AB1Describe each solution as: 1) acid 2) base or 3) neutral.A. _1_ soda
B. _2_ soapC. _1_ coffeeD. _1_ wineE. _3_ water
F. _1_ grapefruit
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Learning Check AB2
Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid or B) base
____ 1. Sour taste
____ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions ____ 3. Chalky taste
____ 4. Is an electrolyte____ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions
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Solution AB2
Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base
_A_ 1. Sour taste
_B_ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions
_B_ 3. Chalky taste
A, B 4. Is an electrolyte
_A_ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions
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Some Common Bases
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide
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Learning Check AB4
Identify each formula as an acid or base:
A. ___ HNO2
B. ___ Ca(OH)2
C. ___ H2SO4
D. ___ HClE. ___ NaOH
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Learning Check AB5
Acid, Base Nameor Salt
CaCl2 ______ _________________
KOH ______ _________________
Ba(OH)2 ______ _________________
HBr ______ _________________
H2SO4 ______ __________________
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Neutralization Reactions
* When acid and bases with equal amounts of hydrogen ion H+ and hydroxide ions OH- are mixed, the resulting solution is neutral. * Products are a salt and water* Salts formulas do not start with H or end in OH
NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl + H2Obase acid salt water
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + 2H2Obase acid salt water
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Salt Hydrolysis• A salt is an ionic compound that:
–comes from the anion of an acid
–comes from the cation of a base
–is formed from a neutralization reaction
–some neutral; others acidic or basic
• “Salt hydrolysis” - a salt that reacts with water to produce an acid or base
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Learning Check AB5
Acid, Base Nameor Salt
CaCl2 ______ _________________
KOH ______ _________________
Ba(OH)2 ______ _________________
HBr ______ _________________
H2SO4 ______ __________________
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Solution AB5
Acid, Base Nameor Salt
CaCl2 salt calcium chloride
KOH base potassiuim hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 base barium hydroxide
HBr acid hydrobromic acid
H2SO4acid sulfuric acid