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ANGLE MODULATIONCHAPTER 3
Part 2 (cont’d)
Transmission / modulation
Reception / demodulation
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• Angle modulated waveforms generally classified as :– Low modulation index – Medium modulation index– High modulation index
• Low –index FM systems sometimes called as Narrow Band FM or NBFM
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Generation of FM
• Two major FM generation:i) Direct method:
i) Straight forward, requires a VCO whose oscillation frequency has linear dependence on applied voltage.
ii) Advantage: large frequency deviationiii) Disadvantage: the carrier frequency tends to
drift and must be stabilized.iv) example circuit:
i) Reactance modulatorii) Varactor diode
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Generation of FM (cont’d)
ii) Indirect method: i. Frequency-up conversion.
ii. Two ways:
a. Heterodyne method
b. Multiplication method
iii. One most popular indirect method is the Armstrong modulator
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Simple direct FM modulator
TomasiElectronic Communications Systems, 5e
Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Accousticalmechanical energy
Cm varied causes the resonant frequency varied
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Varactor diode direct FM modulator
TomasiElectronic Communications Systems, 5e
Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Deviate the frequency via capacitances changes
HzLC
fc 2
1
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JFET reactance modulator
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Called as reactance modulator – JFET (active device)
The modulating signal varies with the reactant of Q causes corresponding change in the resonant frequency
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Armstrong modulator
IntegratorBalanced modulator
Down converter
Frequency multiplier (x n)
Crystal oscillatorPhase shifter
Vc(t)fc
Vm(t)fm
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FM Detection/Demodulation• FM demodulation
– is a process of getting back or regenerate the original modulating signal from the modulated FM signal.
– It can be achieved by converting the frequency deviation of FM signal to the variation of equivalent voltage.
– The demodulator will produce an output where its instantaneous amplitude is proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the input FM signal.
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FM detection (cont’d)
• To detect an FM signal, it is necessary to have a circuit whose output voltage varies linearly with the frequency of the input signal.
• The most commonly used demodulator is the PLL demodulator. Can be use to detect either NBFM or WBFM.
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PLL Demodulator
Phase detector
VCO
Low pass filter
Amplifier
FM input
Vc(t)
fVc0
V0(t)
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• The phase detector produces an average output voltage that is linear function of the phase difference between the two input signals. This low frequency component is selected by LPF.
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PLL Demodulator
• After amplification, part of the signal is fed back through VCO where it results in frequency modulation of the VCO frequency. When the loop is in lock, the VCO frequency follows or tracks the incoming frequency.
• Let instantaneous freq of FM Input,
fi(t)=fc +k1vm(t),
and the VCO output frequency,
f VCO(t)=f0 + k2Vc(t);
f0 is the free running frequency.
• For the VCO frequency to track the instantaneous incoming frequency,
fvco = fi
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PLL Demodulator f0 + k2Vc(t)= fc +k1vm(t)
• If VCO can be tuned so that fc=f0, then
• Where Vc(t) is also taken as the output voltage, which therefore is the demodulated output
)()( 10 tvkfftV mcc
)()( 1 tvktV mc
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Comparison AM and FM• Its the SNR can be increased without increasing transmitted power
about 25dB higher than in AM
• Certain forms of interference at the receiver are more easily to suppressed, as FM receiver has a limiter which eliminates the amplitude variations and fluctuations.
• The modulation process can take place at a low level power stage in the transmitter, thus a low modulating power is needed.
• Power content is constant and fixed, and there is no waste of power transmitted
• There are guard bands in FM systems allocated by the standardization body, which can reduce interference between the adjacent channels.
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Application of FM
• used by most of the field VHF portable, mobile and base radios in exploration use today.
• It is preferred because of its immunity to noise or interference and at the frequencies used the antennas are of a reasonable size.
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Summary of angle modulation
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Summary (cont’d)
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Summary (cont’d)
• Bandwidth:
a) Actual minimum bandwidth from Bessel table:
b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule:
)(2 mfnB
)(2 mffB
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Summary (cont’d)
• Multitone modulation (equation in general):
21 mmci KvKv
....cos2cos2 2211 tftfci
......sinsin 22
21
1
1 tf
ft
f
ftCi
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Summary (cont’d)
..].........sinsinsin[
]sinsinsin[
sin
2211
22
21
1
1
tmtmtV
tf
ft
f
ftVtv
Vtv
ffCC
CCfm
iCfm
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Summary (cont’d)-Comparison NBFM&WBFM
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ANGLE MODULATION
Part 3•Advantages
•Disadvantages
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Advantages• Wideband FM gives significant improvement in the SNR at the
output of the RX which proportional to the square of modulation index.
• Angle modulation is resistant to propagation-induced selective fading since amplitude variations are unimportant and are removed at the receiver using a limiting circuit.
• Angle modulation is very effective in rejecting interference. (minimizes the effect of noise).
• Angle modulation allows the use of more efficient transmitter power in information.
• Angle modulation is capable of handing a greater dynamic range of modulating signal without distortion than AM.
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Disadvantages
• Angle modulation requires a transmission bandwidth much larger than the message signal bandwidth.
• The capture effect where the wanted signal may be captured by an unwanted signal or noise voltage.
• Angle modulation requires more complex and inexpensive circuits than AM.
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END OF ANGLE MODULATION
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Revision (Decibel)
• Decibel compress the wide range of signals into a smaller group of numbers and make measurements and type of analysis of system performance more convenient.
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Absolute power ratioPower gain
Absolute voltage ratioVoltage gain
AM DSB-FCAM DSB-SCAM SSB-FCAM SSB-SC
?
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Where P1 = power level 1 (watts) P2 = power level 2 (watts) i.e the reference power
• If two powers expressed in same units, the ratio can be expressed as:
dB=10 log(10) (P1/P2)
In electronic circuits, to measure a power gain
or loss Ap(dB)=10log(10) (Pout/Pin)
Where Ap(dB) = Power gain (dB)
Pout/Pin = absolute power gain (unitless)
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Av(dB)=20log(10) (Eout/Ein)
Where Av(dB) = Power gain (dB)
Eout = output voltage (volts)
Ein = output voltage (volts)
Eout/Ein = Absolute voltage gain (unitless)
Voltage gain in dB is expressed as
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A dBm is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of power level with respect to a fixed reference level (1mW)
OR…..“decibel relative to 1 milliwatt”
dBm = 10log(P/1mW)
Where P is the power in watts
1mW is the reference voltage
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Similarly…..
A dBW is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of power level with respect to a fixed reference level (1W)
OR…..“decibel relative to 1 watt”
dBW = 10log(P/1W)
Where P is the power in watts
1W is the reference voltage
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Q1) Express the power values as dBW (a) 1W
(b) 0.73W
(c) 950W
Answer :
dBW=10log(P/1W);
0dBW,-1.37dBW, 29.8dBW.
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Q2) Express 200W as dBW and as dBm
Answer :
dBm=10log(P/1mW);
dBW=10log(P/1W);
23dB,53dBm
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Q3) Convert the absolute power ratio of 200 to a power gain in dB.
Answer :Ap(dB) =10log(10) (Pout/Pin) Ap(dB) =10log(10)(200) = 23dB
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Q4) Convert the power gain of Ap = 23dB
to an absolute power ratio.
Answer :23dB =10log(10) (Pout/Pin) (Pout/Pin) = 200
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Q5) A signal is attenuated from 5V to 0.1V. What is the corresponding value
in dB?
Answer :
Av(dB) = 20log(0.1/5)=-34dB. OR 34dB loss
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Q6) A 100-W signal goes through a circuit with a 30-dB loss. What is the final power value?
Answer :
Ap(dB) = 10 log(P/100)=-30dB, P=0.1W
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Q7) For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc = 10 Vp,frequency of 100kHz, a load resistor, RL = 10 , frequency of modulating signal of 10kHz and m = 1.0, Determine
i) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.
ii) Total power of the modulated wave.
iii) Bandwidth of the transmitted wave.
iv) Draw the power and frequency spectrum.
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Answer the following questions based on information from Q7
Q8) For the same given values, determine questions (ii)-(iv) for a AM DSB-SC, AM SSB-FC and AM SSB-SC systems.
Q9) Determine also the percentage of power saved in each of the system design.
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Solution Q7 : DSBFCi)
ii)
iii) Bandwidth = 2(fmmax) = 2(10kHz) = 20kHz
W
Pm
Pm
PPccct
5.7)5(4
1)5(
4
15
4422
22
WPm
PP
WR
V
R
VP
clsbusb
ccc
25.14
5)10(2
)10(
2
)2/(
2
222
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Solution Q7 :For DSB-SC
ii)
iii) Bandwidth = 2(fmmax) = 2(10kHz) = 20kHz
iv)
W
Pm
Pm
Pcct
5.2)5(4
1)5(
4
14422
22
fc 110kHz90kHz
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42
Solution Q8 : For SSB-FC
ii)
iii) Bandwidth=fmmax=10kHz
iv)
W
Pm
PPcct
25.6)5(4
15
42
2
100kHz 110kHzfc-fm
EKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONCHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONRevisionRevision
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43
Solution Q8 : For SSB-SC
ii)
iii) Bandwidth=fmmax=10kHz
iv)
WPm
P ct 25.1)5(4
1
4
22
fc110kHzfc-fm
EKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONCHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONRevisionRevision
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Solution Q10 :For DSB-SC
%67.16%)100(5.7
25.1%
25.125.65.7
W
WPower
WWWPower
saved
saved
%67.66%)100(5.7
5%
55.25.7
W
WPower
WWWPower
saved
saved
Solution Q10 :For SSB-FC
%33.83%)100(5.7
25.6%
25.625.15.7
W
WPower
WWWPower
saved
saved
Solution Q10 :For SSB-SC
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• An angle modulated signal with carrier frequency as described by the following equation
• Determine(i) The power of the modulated signal (let R=1Ω) ans:50W
(ii) Prove that (iii) The frequency deviation,Δf ans:12.387kHz
(iv) The deviation ratio, DR ans:12.387Hz
(v) The phase deviation, m ans:15 rad
(vi) Estimate the bandwidth of the modulated signal. ans:26.774kHz
5102 Xc
)2sin103sin5cos(10)( tkktttm c
)2cos203cos15 tkkktkci
EKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEKT 231 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONCHAPTER 3 : ANGLE MODULATIONAssignmentAssignment