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Two edged sword: Vital to survival, Harmful when excess.
immunity- Immunodeficiency- render Humans easy prey to
infections and possibly tumors;
immunity- Hypersensitivity; fatal allergic reaction to sting bite.
Autoimmune rn: Reaction against one’s own tissues and cells.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY
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1. INNATE IMMUNITY (NATURAL/ NATIVE):
Defense mechanisms that are present even before infection.
First line of defense; Not specific to any microbe
2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (ACQUIRED/ SPECIFIC):
Mechanisms that are stimulated by microbes and are capable
of also recognizing non-microbial substances (antigens).
Develops later after infection
More specific and more powerful.
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First line defense: it is always ready to prevent and eradicate
infections.
Components:
1. Epithelial cells
2. Phagocytic cells
3. NK –natural killer cells
4. Plasma proteins and complement system
Body defense mechanisms
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Develops later after exposure to microbes
Even more powerful in combating infections.
Consists of Lymphocytes and their products
(antibodies).
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Generated from immature precursors in the thymus
Found in :
1. BLOOD- 60-70% of lymphocytes
2. LN- Paracortical areas
3. SPLEEN- Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS).
Contains T Cell Receptor (TCR)
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T LYMPHOCYTES
CD 4
60%
CD 8
40%
MHC
CLASS II
HELPER CYTOTOXIC
TH 1 CELLS: IL-2, IFN
TH 2 CELLS: IL-4,5,13
IL-2, IFN gamma.
MHC
CLASS I
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MHC
ANTIGEN
PRESENTATION
COMPONENTS OF
COMPLIMENTS
CLASS IIICLASS IICLASS I
(ALL NUCLEATED
CELLS)
(MACROPHAGES,
DC, EC’S)
HLA
A,B,C
HLA-D
ALPHA & BETA
DP
DQ
DR
CD-8 T
CELLSCD-4 T CELLS
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Master regulator / Conductor of Symphony Orchestra
T cells secrete cytokines
CD 4 TH-1 cell secretes IL-2 & IFN .
CD 4 TH-2 cell secretes IL-4, 5, 13.
The cytokines influence T cells, B cells, Macrophages & NK cells
CD4 T cell is crippled in HIV infection
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Short acting soluble mediators.
Paracrine, Autocrine, Endocrine effects.
Recombinant cytokines Immunotherapy in cancers
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Develop from Immature precursors in BM
10 -20% of peripheral blood lymphocytes
Superficial cortex, follicles of lymph node & White pulp of
spleen
After antigenic stimulation, B cells form Plasma cells that
secrete Immunoglobulins
B - LYMPHOCYTE
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ANTIGENS
(PROTEINS AND NON-PROTEIN SUBSTANCES)
B-LYMPHOCYTE
ACTIVATION
DIFFERENTIATION
PLASMA
CELLS IMMUNOGLOBULINSImmunoglobulinsG.A.M.D.E.
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5% -15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes
Larger than small lymphocytes, azurophilic granules
Large Granular Lymphocytes
Innate immunity: Kill tumor cells, Virally infected cells.
NK cells are CD 16, CD 56 positive .
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Part of Mononuclear Phagocyte system
Induction of Cell mediated immunity
They ingest protein antigens, process & present the peptide
fragments to T cells
Important role in Type IV hypersensitivity, activated by IFN
secreted by CD 4 TH-1
Can phagocytose opsonized or Ig coated microbes
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Blood: Monocytes
Brain: Microglial cells
Lung: Alveolar macrophages/ Dust cells/ Heart failure cells
Liver: Kupffer cells
Spleen: Splenic sinusoidal macrophages
Kidney: Mesangial Cells
Lymph node: Sinus Histiocytes
Skin: Interdigitating Dendritic Cells
Bone: Osteoclastic giant cells
Joint: Synoviocytes
APC’s.
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LPS TOLL LIKE
RECEPTORS ON
MACROPHAGES
NUCLEAR FACTOR
ACTIVATION
CYTOKINE PRODUCTIONS
HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
P H A G O C Y T O S I S
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Innate Immunity --vs.-- Acquired Immunity
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