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Delivery of DrugsDelivery of Drugs
Enteral – digestive tractParenteral – major route; Given into the
cardiovascular circulationTopical – by application onto the skin or
associated membranes
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Process of Drug DeliveryProcess of Drug Delivery
Drug Administration Phase – depends on form of med, speed medication action is needed, desired location
Enteral Parenteral Topical
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Process of Drug DeliveryProcess of Drug Delivery
Pharmacokinetic Phase – movement of drugs throughout the body to various targets
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
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Process of Drug DeliveryProcess of Drug Delivery
Pharmacodynamic Phase – drugs produce a change or an effect at a specific target (receptor)
Efficacy Potency
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Influence how medications enter and move throughout the body
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Solids – most effective via a body opening, need to dissolve first to become active, which slows the process
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Liquids- move quicker through the body but need to penetrate the cellular membrane, viscosity can make it more difficult if it is higher, solubility the ability to dissolve will affect how easily it passes across the membrane
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Hydrophobic- dissolve in lipids, work better penetrating body membranes
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Hydrophilic – dissolve in water, work better in the bloodstream
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Gas Fast absorption, moves quicker to target
area and action is in seconds
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Oral RouteOral Route
By mouth Can be chewed, swallowed, or dissolved in
the mouthTablets, capsules, powders, solutions,
suspensionsDissolution delays the onset of action, water
is needed or may be taken with food
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SublingualSublingual
Absorbed quickly into the bloodstreamAvoid the first- pass effect –intestinal
absorption into the portal circulation to the liver to be metabolized by the liver
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RectalRectal
Use with unconscious patients, patients with N/V, infants not able to swallow pills
Rapid onset of action due to blood supply
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Injection Into the Blood Injection Into the Blood VesselsVessels
IVBolusInfusionBypasses destructive enzymes of GI tract
and the liver
Fluid overload, infection
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InjectionsInjections
Intradermal dermis easily absorbed
Subcutaneous hypodermis Intramuscular muscles faster onset of action
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InjectionsInjections
Advantage IM and subcutaneousConcentration of drug is predictableConfined to a precise locationMay be given to unconscious patients and
childrenDisadvantage IM and subcutaneousPain, swelling, tissue damage, infection
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InjectionsInjections
Intrathecal directly in spinal subarachnoid space(dorsal spine spinal cavity beneath a sheath surrounding the spinal cord called the anrachnoid mater) spinal anesthetics or medications that might enter the cerebral spinal fluid
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InjectionsInjections
Epidural directly into a space overlying the dura mater (most superficial layer of that protects the CNS)
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Transmucosal DrugsTransmucosal Drugs
Cross membrane liningRespiratoryReproductive tractsEffect: systemic or localForms: suppositories, sprays, mists, foams,
aerosols, volatile agentsExamples: asthma, vaginal infections
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Ears and EyesEars and Eyes
Eyes Effect: to lubricate, prevent inflammation or
treat infections of the corneaForms: ointments, salves, or dropsEarsEffect: to treat infections, cerumen buildupForms: drops ( need to penetrate the ear
canal and middle ear to be effective)
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Client TeachingClient Teaching
Oral: take with water or food to reduce nausea
Establish a routineFollow dosing times, do not play catch upStore medication in a dry safe placeDiscard outdated medicationsTake medications with calibrated insert
provided