![Page 1: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
ClassificatioClassificationn
![Page 2: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
•There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms
•This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!
•New organismsNew organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified
Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms
![Page 3: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What is Classification?What is Classification?
ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities
Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy
Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms
![Page 4: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying
•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms
•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish
•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names
Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??
![Page 5: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names
![Page 6: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists
![Page 7: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist
•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals
•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat ---land, sea, ---land, sea, or air dwellers or air dwellers
![Page 8: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•John Ray, a John Ray, a
botanist,botanist, was was the first to use the first to use Latin for Latin for namingnaming
•His His namesnames were were very longvery long descriptions descriptions telling telling everything everything about the plantabout the plant
![Page 9: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778
•18th century taxonomist
•Classified organisms by their structure
•Developed naming system still used today
![Page 10: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature
•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)
![Page 11: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Standardized Standardized NamingNaming
•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused
•Genus speciesGenus species
•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek
•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print
•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species
•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting
Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius
American American RobinRobin
![Page 12: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
![Page 13: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms
•The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for contains the rules for naming organismsnaming organisms
•All names must be approved All names must be approved by by International Naming International Naming CongressesCongresses (International (International Zoological Congress)Zoological Congress)
•This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated namesnames
![Page 14: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Classification GroupsClassification Groups
•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed
•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific
•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Genus, speciesspecies
![Page 15: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups
DomainKingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class Order Family
Genus Species
BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON
![Page 16: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
KKinging
PPhilliphillip
CCameame
OOverver
FForor
GGoodood
SSoup!oup!
![Page 17: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
![Page 18: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon
•ThreeThree domains domains
•Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)
•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles
DomainsDomains
![Page 19: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
ArchaeaArchaea live in live in harsh environmentsharsh environments and may represent the first cells to and may represent the first cells to have evolved.have evolved.
Sewage Sewage treatment treatment
plants, plants, thermal thermal
vents, etc.vents, etc.
![Page 20: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are
present in almost present in almost all all habitatshabitats on earth. on earth.
Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and
commercially.commercially.
Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals
![Page 21: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms
•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)
•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)
•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular animals) animals)
![Page 22: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
ProtistaProtista
•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular
•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular
•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic
![Page 23: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,
except yeastexcept yeast
•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
![Page 24: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular
•AutotrophicAutotrophic
•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
![Page 25: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
AnimaliaAnimalia
•MulticellularMulticellular
•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)
•Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals
![Page 26: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
TaxonsTaxons
•Most Most generagenera contain a contain a number of similar number of similar species, with the species, with the exception of exception of HomoHomo that that only contains modern only contains modern humanshumans
•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
![Page 29: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
![Page 30: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy
•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)
•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
•Similarity in Similarity in DNA, RNADNA, RNA, , or or amino acidamino acid sequence sequence of Proteinsof Proteins
![Page 31: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in
mammals.mammals.
![Page 32: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos
![Page 33: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales
![Page 34: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Primate Primate CladogramCladogram
![Page 35: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying
•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms
•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs
•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
![Page 36: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44
3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
![Page 37: 1 Classification. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514ee27550346a80c8b4bfd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37