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1
Daedalus – LBNE Combinations
• Daedalus and LBNE Complementary– Each gives comparable measurements on their own for
oscillation parameters– Much improved measurements by combining Daedalus and
LBNE
• Daedalus provides a pure, well understood antineutrino oscillation search that can be combined with LBNE neutrino measurements.– Backgrounds are small and constrained by measurements– Very small wrong-sign (neutrino) background
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2Comments on LBNE5 years of ν Running 5 years of⎯ν Running
• Experimental comments:– Large neutrino flux covering 1st and 2nd oscillation max points (0.8 and 2.4 GeV)– Fairly pure νμ flux with small νe contamination– Minimize flux with energy above 5 GeV that causes background
But– Still substantial neutral current π0 events that mimic νe events– Difficult to collect large antineutrino statistics– Antineutrino running has significant neutrino contamination
⇒ Difficult to make a precise measurement of CP violation
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3Daedalus Experiment• Multiple beam sources using high-power cyclotrons
– Cyclotron beam impinges on dump where produced π+ and μ+ decay to neutrinos (Almost all π- capture before decay)⇒ Very few⎯νe produced so can do precise ⎯νμ →⎯νe search
– For study assume each cyclotron 1 MW at 0.6 to 1.4 GeV• Detector is assumed to be 300 kton water Cerenkov detector with gadolinium doping• Osc signal events are ⎯νe + p → e+ + n (Inverse-beta decay) which can be well
identified by a two part delayed coincidence.• Flux normalization can be determined by using ~15,000 νe + e- → νe + e- events.
5MW 2MW 1MW
(Described in Conrad and Shaevitz, PRL 104, 141802 (2010))
Each acceleratorset is run for 20%duty factor andevents tagged bytiming
40% time set asidefor beam off running to measure bkgnd
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4Proton Economics for a Decay-at-Rest Cyclotron Neutrino Beam
• Assume 1 MW average proton power into beam dump / neutrino source– This is the rate for several existing dumps (i.e. JPARC Hadron Hall) and should be
achievable for reasonable cost.
• For the proton energy range from about to 0.6-1.3 GeV, the π+ production and neutrino flux is only dependent on the proton beam power.
• 1 MW proton beam power corresponds to:– 1 GeV @ 1ma continuous– 1 GeV @ 5ma with 20% duty factor (on time)– 0.8 GeV @ 6.25 ma with 20% duty factor
• Running with a reduced duty factor has the advantages– Can run different distances at different times– Non-beam background is reduced by the duty factor
• Since one cannot increase the average power into a dump, one can only increase the neutrino flux at a given distance by adding accelerators or adding dumps with multiple extraction lines
– Increasing the duty factor at a given distance does not increase the flux but only increases the beam off background.
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5
Energy Spectrum for π Decay-at-Rest Beam(No uncertainty in energy spectrum)
⎯νe rate is verysmall since mostπ− capture beforedecay
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6
Event Types in Water Detector
Used for relative normalization of different distances
then (IBD events)e e p e nμν ν ν +→ + → +
(Also νμe and⎯νμe)
NC
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7Both ν−e elastic scattering (very forward) and νe – Oxygen (peaked
backwards) can be separately used for normalization samples
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This gives a <4% background to the ν-e ES sampleand negligible systematic uncertainty.
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8Background Processes and Rates• Non-beam IBD backgrounds
(Evis > 20 MeV):– Atmospheric⎯νμ Invisible muons:⎯νμ + p → μ+ + n where μ+ is below Cherenkov threshold.
– Atmospheric⎯νe IBD events:⎯νe + p → e+ + n
– Diffuse supernova neutrinos
• Beam related IBD backgrounds– Intrinsic⎯νe in beam
• ~4 × 10-4 νe rate– Beam νe in coincidence with
random neutron capture • Estimated to be very small
from Super-K rates– νe-Oxygen CC scatters
producing an electron• Subsequent neutrons from
nuclear de-excitation are very small.Ee>20 MeV
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9Expected Signal and Background Events
sin22θ13 = 0.0510yr Run
Normali
zatio
n
Off Osc
Max
OscMax
Abs Norm ⇒Relative Norm ⇒
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10Measurement Strategy
• Daedalus oscillation measurement comes from a comparison of the absolute⎯νe rate compared to expectations from backgrounds and a possible oscillation signal parameterized by θ13 and δ.(Assuming that δ(sin22θ13) = 0.005 from reactor experiments.)
• Fits to observed⎯νe events from all three distances versus energy gives sensitivity to extracting θ13 and δ from expected oscillation formula
• For the neutrino flux, only uncertainty is the absolute normalization or how many π+ decays occur– Spectrum is known to high accuracy– ν-e elastic events from near accelerator sets absolute flux normalization
with a statistical error of ~1%– ν-Oxygen events at various distance constrain the relative normalization.
• Beam backgrounds (small intrinsic⎯νe rate) is measured from⎯νe IBD events from near accelerators (⎯νe + p → e+ + n) and then scaled by 1/L2
• Non-beam backgrounds are measured during the 40% beam-off running and scaled to
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11
Systematic Uncertainties (before fit)
By comparing measurements for the three distances thesesystematic uncertainties are significantly reduced.
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12Daedalus Insensitive to Systematic Uncertainties
due to Constraints from Three Distance Fits
Plot shows 1σ CP-δ measurement error as ν-e (ES) or IBD uncertaintyis increased from the nominal value of 1.1% and 0.5%
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13Daedalus: Total Events vs δCP and Hierarchy
• Daedalus has excellent sensitivity for measuring δCP
– mainly from 20 km data where there is no hierarchy effects– 8 km data sensitive to cosδ oscillation term
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Due to short distance and low energy, there are no matter effects in Daedalus.
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14Daedalus Event Energy Distributions (Signal & Background)(sin22θ13 = 0.04)
1.5km
8km
Blue: Intrinsic νe bkgndRed: Beam off bkgndBlack: δCP= 00
Violet: δCP= 450
Green: δCP=-450
20km
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15
Estimates for Combining Daedalus and LBNE ν-Only Measurements
• Daedalus provides high-statistics antineutrino sample with low background and small systematics to be combined with LBNE ν-only data.– Use 10yrs Daedalus⎯ν data + 10yrs LBNE ν-only data
• LBNE sensitivity estimates use:– dusel120e250i002dr280dz1300km_flux.txt (neutrinos)– dusel120e250ni002dr280dz1300km_flux.txt (anti-neutrinos) – 300kt Water Cherenkov– Proton rate = 6 × 1020 pot/yr
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16Estimates of Oscillation Parameter Sensitivity• Do fits to simulated data as a function of energy
– χ2 based fitting code developed that incorporates backgrounds and oscsignals
– Include event reconstruction efficiency and resolution smearing of oscillation probability
– Include systematic uncertainties through parameters constrained to be consistent with uncertainties.
• Use oscillation probability code with matter effects from S. Parke– Cross checked with “Globes” osc probability
• Simultaneous fits to various combinations of:– Daedalus:
• ⎯νe IBD events (signal+background at 1.5km, 8km, and 20 km) • ν-e elastic plus νe-O scattering samples for normalization.• Background uncertainties related to beam off running
– LBNE ν running or⎯ν running:• Efficiency, smearing, and backgrounds from LBNE Report archive:0705.4396• Assume that one uses near detector constraints for flux and backgrounds:
Syst error: 1% norm, 10% background, 5% earth density
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17
Comparison of Osc Prob Parke vs Globes
Solid lines/boxes are GLoBES calculations; dashed lines/x’s are Parke program.
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18Are Systematic Errors Larger for CombiningDaedalus+LBNE(ν-only) vs LBNE(ν plus⎯ν) ?
• To zeroth order, each of these measurements is a stand alone measurement of the osc probability
– LBNE uses the near detectors to determine flux, xsec, and bkgnd
– Daedalus uses the near accelerator to determine the flux and bkgnd (xsec uncertainty is very small)
– Absolute rate is providing important information especially if reactor sin22θ13 included
• Some systematic uncertainties (mainly detector efficiencies) for the LBNE ν and⎯ν measurements do partially cancel but they are masked by:
– the ν and⎯ν cross sections, flux, and background being so much different
– the large ν contamination for the⎯ν running
• This could be quantified by including detector uncertainties in the LBNE fit formalism and seeing how the sensitivity improves if ν /⎯ν correlations are included.
– These detector uncertainties have not, to my knowledge, been included in any of the LBNE studies so far but are probably much smaller than the assumed 10% background uncertainties.
5 years of ν Running
Blue: Intrinsic νe bkgndRed: Beam off bkgndBlack: δCP= 00
Violet: δCP= 450
Green: δCP=-450
20km
L/E: 2000 1000 400
L/E: 2000 1000 400
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19sin22θ13 Measurement Regions where sin22θ13 ≠0 at 3σ
• Daedalus and LBNE(5yr+5yr) comparable but complementary in sensitivity
• Combination (Daedalus + LBNE ν-only) gives significantly better coverage by x2 to x3
-180
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δ CP
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LBNE (5yrs+5yrs)
Daedalus + LBNE nu-only (10 yrs)
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CP
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LBNE (5yrs+5yrs)
Daedalus + LBNE nu-only (10 yrs)
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20Mass Hierarchy Determination at 3σ
• Daedalus plus LBNE(ν-only) has good sensitivity for hierarchy determination comparable to LBNE(ν +⎯ν) around the 50% point.
• If hierarchy is not determining with Daedalus plus LBNE(ν-only), then run with LBNE antineutrinos⇒ Combination of Daedalus plus LBNE(ν +⎯ν) better by almost x2
3σ Determination(inverted hierarchy)
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21Combined Daedalus and LBNE Sensitivity• Combining the high statistics Daedalus antineutrinos with the high
statistics LBNE neutrino data sets gives improved sensitivity for measuring CP violation (δCP)
• Plot below gives 1 σ error for measuring δCP as a function of δCP for sin22θ13 = 0.05
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egre
es)
LBNE (5ysr + 5yrsr
Daedalus (10yrs)
Daedalus 10yrs + LBNE nu-only 10yrs
sin22θ13 = 0.05
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22Combined Daedalus and LBNE Running
Daedalus 5yr plus LBNE 5yr nu-only Daedalus 10yr plus LBNE 10yr nu-only
5yr Combined Running 10yr Combined Running
⇒ 5yr combined sensitivity as good as separate Daedalus 10yr or LBNE 10yr (ν plus⎯ν) running
⇒ 10yr combined much better than either
1 and 2 σ contours
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23Exclusion of δCP= 00 or 1800 at 3σCombined running substantially better than either LBNE or Daedalus alone
(Even better than 10 yrs of Project X)
(Recent preprint has similar conclusions: Agarwalla,Huber,Link,Mohapatra - http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.4055 )
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24Questions/Issues/Topics for INT Workshop
• What is the best optimization of cyclotron positions to combine with LBNE ν−only?
• Are there any issues with constraining the backgrounds using the near accelerator? Are there any other backgrounds that need to be added?
• Is an off-max, medium position (8km) necessary? How does it help make the CP violation measurement?
• Can one get by with only a far cyclotron site and a small monitoring detector? (Advantages/Disadvantages)
• Is there a different optimization of the LBNE beam for the Daedalus-LBNE ν−only CP measurement?
• How would a MiniBooNE/LSND signal effect the DUSEL CP violation measurements?
Overall Theme: How best can the DUSEL facility be exploited to measure CP Violation (and Mass Hierarchy?)
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25Comparison of 1.5km+8km+20km vs 1.5km+20km
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◊CP (degrees)
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Daedalus Only: [email protected], 2acc@8km,5acc@20kmDaedalus Only: [email protected], 5acc@20kmLBNE Only(5yrs nu+ 5yrs nubar)[email protected], 2acc@8km,5acc@20km, LBNE nu-only for [email protected], 5acc@20km, LBNE nu-only for 10yrs
sin22θ13=0.05
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26
Near (1.5km) Site vs Local ν-Beam Detector
Use Near 1.5km Accelerator for beam and background monitoring.
Advantages:– Detector is the same so no
difference in efficiency, cross sections, or changes with time
– Provides calibration and other neutrino source for 300 ktondetector
– Large 300kton detector has large rate of ν−e ES to set the neutrino flux normalization.
• Disadvantages– Need extra accelerator site– Uncertainty for the integrated proton
intensity near compared to far ( this should be small)
Use Local small ν detector for beam and background monitoring.(No 1.5km accelerator)
• Advantages:– Only need one far accelerator site
(and no near accelerator site)
• Disadvantages:– Detector systematic differences
between small local detector and large 300 kton detector can be significant and hard to know
– Need to use water detector in order to cancel cross section uncertainties.
– Need to measure ν-e scattering with high statistic in order to know neutrino flux precisely. This demands a very close location and a fairly large detector
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27Is there a different optimization of the LBNE beam for the Daedalus-LBNE ν−only CP measurement?
• LBNE wide-band beam has advantage of covering both the first and second maximum with the highest rate but ⇒– Second maximum region at low
energy has large backgrounds– Wide-band beam has large
high-energy tail that produces background from NC π0 events.
• Could an off-axis beam set to maximize the neutrino flux at oscillation maximum give better sensitivity when combined with the Daedalus⎯ν measurement?
5 years of ν Running
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28
MiniBooNE/LSND High Mass Oscillation Signal Effects
• Assumptions:– High mass signal will be well
measured by Daedalus near accelerator (and possibly others) so osc params will be known
– No systematic uncertainty but these high-mass osc events increase the statistical uncertainty for CP violation search
• Size of sin22θ is approximately from about 0.002 to 0.032 which translate into an extra⎯νebackground of 0.1% to 1.6% of the⎯νμ rate.
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29
Daedalus-Only LSND Osc Signal Effects
Exclusion of CP= 00 or 1800 at 3 (10yrs)
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Exclusion of CP= 00 or 1800 at 3 (10yrs)
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(Daedalus only-300kt Water Cherenkov)
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30
Effects for LBNE(ν plus⎯ν) and Daedalus plus LBNE
Exclusion of CP= 00 or 1800 at 3 ⎭(10yrs)
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Frac
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No LSND Osc EventsWith LSND anu Osc Events @ 1.5%
(Daedalus plus LBNE -only300kt Water Cherenkov)
Exclusion of CP= 00 or 1800 at 3 ⎭(10yrs)
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Frac
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With LSND anu Osc Events @ 1.5%No LSND Osc Events
(LBNE 5yr nu + 5yr anu300kt Water Cherenkov)
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31Summary
• Use workshop to explore and brainstorm how best to exploit the DUSEL facility to measure CP Violation (and Mass Hierarchy?)– Combining measurements– Optimizing the experimental setups
• Tools available to look at these various setups and quantify sensitivities
• Generate ideas that can be studied further after the workshop.
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Backup Slides
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33Recent preprint has similar conclusions for 100kton Detector forDaeldalus plus LBNE nu-only
Agarwalla,Huber,Link,Mohapatra - http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.4055
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Cross Check nue-e Scattering Rate(Daedalus Prediction vs LSND Measurement)
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( )2: 0.35, 0.45 , 1 0.8 1e
e e
drate E E ydy
μ μ
ν
ν ν
σ
− −+ → +
⎛ ⎞= = + −⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ( )2
then (IBD events)
: 0.32, 0.42 , 1 1.2 1
e e
e
p e n
de e rate E E ydy
μ
μ μ ν
ν ν ν
σν ν
+
− −
→ + → +
⎛ ⎞+ → + = = + −⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( )
( )
2: 2.25, 0.49 , 1 0.1 1
Electron goes mainly backward for this process!
e e
e
e
e e
drate E E ydy
Oxygen e Fluorine
ν
ν ν
σ
ν
− −
−
+ → +
⎛ ⎞= = + −⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠+ → +
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38Daedalus and LBNE Sensitivity for
200 kton and 300 kton Water Detectors
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39Oscillation Formula (no matter effects, i.e. Daedalus)
Oscillation Formula (with matter effects, i.e. LBNE)