4
Distribution of Fresh Water on Earth
• Fresh water
• Groundwater
• Glaciers• Icecaps
• Icebergs
• Water without salt• Water that infiltrates the
soil and rock to get underground
• Percolates through permeable rock
• Stops at impermeable rock
• River of ice on land• Areas of permanent snow
and ice at the poles• Large floating masses of
ice detached from a glacier or icecap
5
Credit: Earth Forum, Houston Museum of Natural Science For more info:
Earth Forum, Houston Museum of Natural Science
6www.chemtronicsindia.com/water-treatment.htm
10
Hydrologic Cycle• How does
water get into the atmosphere?
• Water evaporates from the oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds.
• Water is transpired from the leaves of plants (transpiration)
• Water is exhaled by animals
www.hometrainingtools.com
11
Hydrologic Cycle• How does
water get back onto land?
• Water vapor condenses in the cold upper atmosphere as ice crystals or liquid.
• When flakes or drops are large enough, they fall back down as precipitation: snow, rain, sleet, hail
www.hometrainingtools.com
13
Hydrologic Cycle• What happens
to water that falls on the land?
Surface Water• Glaciers and ice
caps trap some of the water
• Runoff flows into lakes and ponds then on to the oceans
• Some water is taken in by living things
www.ncwildlife.org/.../images/img10b5a_02.gif
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Hydrologic CycleWhat happens
to water that falls on the land?• Reservoir is a lake that stores water for human use.
• Wetland is a land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.
• Drought occurs when there is a long period of scarce rainfall.
Surface Water (continued)
15
Hydrologic CycleWhat happens
to water that falls on the land?
• Some percolates down into the soil and rock layers
• Aquifer: is a layer of rock that is porous enough to hold large amounts of water
• Artesian well: is water that is forced out of an aquifer by gravity.
• Water table: top of the groundwater in an aquifer
Groundwater
17
North Carolina River Basins• What is a
river basin?
• Which river basin do you live in?
• The region of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
• Also known as a watershed
• Neuse or Cape Fear
www.fws.gov/nc-es/fish/CFSRockyRiver1.jpg
18
Essential Question #52
• What is a river basin?•The region of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also known as a watershed
20
North Carolina River Basins
www.harnett.org/search-site-map.asp?Keyword=n...
21
Essential Question #53• Which river basin do you live
in?• Fuquay-Varina is on the border of the Neuse River
Basin to the north and east and the Cape Fear River Basin to the south and
west.
22
Which describes the hydrosphere?
A.Most of it contains salt.B.It is made of only
freshwater.C.All of it is located above
ground.D.It is formed by a climate
change.
23
Which describes the hydrosphere?
A.Most of it contains salt.B.It is made of only
freshwater.C.All of it is located above
ground.D.It is formed by a climate
change.
25
Sources of Drinking Water OR
Water for Human Consumption• Water
Treatment Plants
• Makes water safe for human consumption by taking out impurities and adding chemicals to kill bacteria
• The source of water can be a lake, river, or reservoir
www.cacoastkeeper.org/groundwater.php
28
Essential Question #55
• How do we treat our water so we can use it in our homes?• Can you remember the
process without going back to the last slide?
29
Sources of Drinking Water OR
Water for Human Consumption
•Wells
• Brings groundwater up after it has been naturally filtered by percolating down through the layers of soil and rock
31
Measuring RainfallA rain gauge is used to measure
rainfall
www.enterthejournals.com
www.grasstec.ie
32
Which tool is used to determine precipitation
amounts?
A.Balance scaleB.HygrometerC.Rain gauge
D.Thermometer
33
Which tool is used to determine precipitation
amounts?
A.Balance scaleB.HygrometerC.Rain gauge
D.Thermometer
34
OceansTerms to Understand
• Intertidal Zone: land covered by tides part of the day
• Neritic Zone: ocean over the continental shelf• Oceanic Zone: deep, open ocean• Continental Shelf: from the edge of the
continent to where the continental slope drops sharply
• Continental Slope: steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain
• Trench: deepest part of the ocean. Marianas Trench-5 miles deep
• Seamount: underwater volcano• Abyssal Plane: deep, flat portion of the ocean
floor• Mid-Ocean Ridge: chain of undersea volcanoes
where the sea floor spreads• Photic Zone: top layer of ocean that sunlight
reaches• Aphotic Zone: lower layer of ocean that sunlight
does not reach
35
OceansIntertidal Zone
OR
Or Neritic Zone
Or Photic Zone
Aphotic ZoneOR
________________Oceanic Zone_________________
www.fao.org
36
Characteristics of the Zones• Photic
Zone
• Aphotic Zone
• Gets sunlight so organisms can photosynthesize
• Marine producers live here• Some algae have holdfasts
(root-like structures) • No light so no photosynthesis• Extreme cold and pressure• Some organisms are
Bioluminescent (glow because of cellular chemical reactions
• Most eat organisms that sink• Organisms at hydrothermal vents
are chemotropic (use chemicals for food)
www.kidsbiology.com
www.alga-net.com
37
Characteristics of the Zones• Intertidal Zone
•Neritic Zone
•Open Ocean Zone
• Dry land during low tide but underwater at high tide
• Organism tolerate being out of the water for part of the day
• Over the continental shelf• Organisms adapted to warmer,
sunlit, low pressure environment
• Environment over abyssal plain• Organisms adapted to colder, dark,
high pressure environment
38
Ocean Floor• Mid-
ocean Ridge
• Volcanic area where new ocean floor is being made
seafloor spreading. Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)
HydrothermalVent / /
39
Salinity• Is the amount of dissolved solids in the
oceans. Mostly salt (NaCl)• High salinity increases density of water• Caused by rain picking up salts on land,
then carrying them to the oceans
40
After fishing in the ocean, a student left his fishing gear in the sun to dry. Later, he noticed that small white
crystals had formed on the rod, reel, and fishing line. Which of these is the best explanation of what occurred?
A. The water evaporated from the fishing gear, and sand was attracted
to it.B. The fish that were caught left scales
on the fishing gear.C. The salt in the ocean water reacted
with the fishing gear and caused it to rust.
D. The water evaporated from the fishing gear, and salt from the ocean
was left behind.
41
After fishing in the ocean, a student left his fishing gear in the sun to dry. Later, he noticed that small white
crystals had formed on the rod, reel, and fishing line. Which of these is the best explanation of what occurred?
A. The water evaporated from the fishing gear, and sand was attracted
to it.B. The fish that were caught left scales
on the fishing gear.C. The salt in the ocean water reacted
with the fishing gear and caused it to rust.
D. The water evaporated from the fishing gear, and salt from the ocean
was left behind.
43
Temperature of the Oceans• Water is most dense at 4C• Warm water rises and cold water sinks• Lower layers of the oceans are cold• Upper layers of the oceans are warm• Nutrients sink when organisms die and
decompose• An upwelling occurs when winds cause
cold, nutrient rich water to move up• Plankton thrive in these waters becoming
food for larger organisms• El Niño is a wind in the Pacific Ocean that
can cause very large upwellings making the Pacific more productive.
45
Essential Question #56• What is an upwelling?
• Winds cause water to be blown away from shore. Deep, nutrient rich water comes up to replace it. Plankton thrive on the nutrients making for
organisms higher in the food chain.
46
Which condition in the ocean is most responsible for an increase in the fish
population near the surface?
A.BuoyancyB.DensityC.Salinity
D.Upwelling
47
Which condition in the ocean is most responsible for an increase in the fish
population near the surface?
A.BuoyancyB.DensityC.Salinity
D.Upwelling
48
Ocean DepthsOrganisms that live in the deep oceans
have to adapt to several extreme conditions
1. High pressure: organisms that live deep are under pressures that would crush a submarine
2. Darkness: no light gets to these depths so some organisms have bioluminescence or the ability to produce their own light
3. Cold temperatures: at these depths, ocean water is around 3C which is near freezing
oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/.../media/fig3b_600.jpg
50
Life in the Oceans• Necton
• Benthos
• Plankton
• Phytoplankton
• Zooplankton
• Free-swimming consumers whose movements are independent of currents
• Examples: fish, whales, turtles
• Life on the entire ocean floor; mostly small invertebrates that are consumers (heterotrophs)
• Tiny organisms that make up most of the life in the oceans
• Small plant-like producers (most abundant) that photosynthesize food (autotrophs)
• Example: Diatoms are one-celled algae w/ glass plates
• Small animal-like consumers (heterotrophs)
• Around thermal vents, some are chemotrophs (another type of autotroph) or live on chemosynthesis
51
Essential Question #57• What types of organisms are
the most abundant in marine ecosystems?
• Zooplankton and Phytoplankton
53
Marine EcosystemsEstuaries
• Areas where rivers flow into the oceans mixing fresh water with salty ocean water
• Nurseries for young marine organisms to mature
• Are wetlands that an absorb pollution
• Many have been filled to make room for buildings
• This resulted in fish numbers dropping
www.dep.state.pa.us/.../spatterdockagain.JPG
io.uwinnipeg.ca/.../1116/50-21b-Estuary.jpg
54
Essential Question #58
• Why are estuaries important?
• Nurseries for young marine organisms to mature
• Are wetlands that an absorb pollution
56
Sustainability• Pollutants can throw delicate balances
off and cause many problems
• Too much pollution will lead to our losing the oceans as natural resources
2.bp.blogspot.com/.../s400/
thumbnail.jpg www.gaszappers.com
dadecosurf.com
57
Essential Question #59
• Why should we protect our marine resources?
• Pollutants can throw delicate balances off and cause many
problems
60
Technology• ROV
(Remotely Operated Vehicle)
• Scuba (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
• Unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots using a joy stick
• Device that allows divers to breathe underwater for long periods of time
www.defenseindustrydaily.com
www.boracay-budgettravel-tips.com
61
Technology• SONAR – SOund
NAvigation Ranging
• Used to measure ocean depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor
community2.myfoxdfw.com
www.wisconsinhistory.org
62
Technology• Submersible • A small submarine
used to explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms, cameras, and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording data
private-submarines.com
oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
63
Essential Question #61
• What kinds of information have we learned from deep ocean
technology?• Shape of the ocean floor
• Types of organisms• Can you think of others?
65
Essential Question #60
• What kinds of technologies are used to monitor the
hydrosphere?• How many can you
remember?
67
Water QualityTurbidity• Cloudiness of water
• Measured using a secchi disk
• Measured by the length of the string when you’ve lost sight of the disk
• Some cloudiness is good but too much kills sensitive organisms
pond.dnr.cornell.edu
www.co.carver.mn.us
ian.umces.edu
68
Essential Question #62
• what does turbidity tell you about the health of a water system?
• Too clear and water may not have needed nutrients.
• Too cloudy and organisms can’t survive
70
Dissolved Gases in Water Environments
• Cold water dissolves oxygen (O2) better than warm water so some fish do better in cold water than warm. Heat can be a pollutant because it can remove oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water so water plants and algae can use it for photosynthesis
72
Essential Questions #64-65
• How do Temperature changes affect the health of a water system?
• How do changes in the amount of dissolved oxygen affect the health of a
water system?
73
Temperature• Changes in temperature can cause
dissolved gases, such as O2, to fluctuate. • Organisms can’t adjust to changes in
temperature and dissolved gas levels and die.
• Changes in populations disrupt the ecology of a body of water.
clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/clipart/runoff.25.htm
74
Essential Questions #64-65
• How do Temperature changes affect the health of a water system?
• How do changes in the amount of dissolved oxygen affect the health of a
water system?• Class discussion
76
pH of WaterWater should be neutral (7). If it isn’t,
organisms can’t adjust and die out.
www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca
77
Essential Question #66
• How do changes in pH affect the health of a water system?
• Healthy water should have a pH of around 7. Too acid or basic can cause damage to
organisms.
78
Essential Questions #67-68
• How do nitrates affect the health of a water system?
• What are some possible effects of excess nutrients in NC waters?
79
Nitrates• Nitrates usually get to a body of water
from farm fertilizer runoff. It acts as a fertilizer for algae that can grow too much and choke a pond, lake, or stream. This is eutrophication
www.samford.edu www.time.com
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Essential Questions #67-68
• How do nitrates affect the health of a water system?
• What are some possible effects of excess nutrients in NC waters
(eutrophication)?• Class discussion
81
Essential Question #69
• what are bioindicators and how can they help you predict the
health of a water system?
82
Bioindicators
Some organisms are very sensitive to pollution. If a body of water has these organisms, it means the water is healthy. If they are not in the water, something is upsetting the balance of the system.
www.boquetriver.org
83
Essential Question #69
• what are bioindicators and how can they help you predict the health of a water
system?
Examples include: • Mussels disappear if the water is too
turbid.• Mayflies disappear if the water is too
acidic.
84
Ecology• Producers
• Consumers
• Autotrophs: make their own food
• Photosynthesis: make sugars using light as energy
• Chemosynthesis: make sugars using substances around them
• Heterotrophs: get their food from other organisms
• Eat food made by producers
• Eat other organisms• Eat the dead bodies of
other organisms
students.umf.maine.edu
www.abeautyjournal.com
www.ehow.com/how_2101230_go-cow-tipping.html
whatthecrap.wordpress.com
soe.ucdavis.edu
85
Ecology
• The living organisms of the environment
• The non-living factors of the environment
Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors
87
Ecology• Ecosystem
• Habitat
• Food Web
• A community of different by interdependent species and their non-living environment
• The immediate space where an organism lives
• A community’s interaction of all producers and consumers
library.thinkquest.org
Terrestrial Aquatic
cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/.../marine_web_full.jpg
89
Essential Question #70• How are aquatic and
terrestrial food webs connected?
• Both overlap and depend on each other.
90
Which pair of organisms represents a connection between an aquatic and terrestrial food webs?
A.Whales and planktonB.Seagulls and oysters
C.Spiders and mosquitoesD.Humans and coral
91
Which pair of organisms represents a connection between an aquatic and terrestrial food webs?
A.Whales and planktonB.Seagulls and oysters
C.Spiders and mosquitoesD.Humans and corn
93
Essential Question #71
• What are some examples of point and non-point sources of
water pollution in NC?
94
Water Quality• Point
Source Pollution
• Non-point Source Pollution
• A single pollution source can be identified
• A single source cannot be identified because the pollution may have many sources
cache.daylife.com/.../01yv6sKfFC7qx/610x.jpg
www.schools.nsw.edu.au
localhistory.wordpress.com/
95
Essential Question #71
• What are some examples of point and non-point sources of
water pollution in NC?• Class discussion
96
Essential Questions #72-73
• What are the economic tradeoffs when dealing with water quality?
• What local water issues are we dealing with now or have dealt with in the past?
97
Protecting Our Water• Locally, wells have been found to
contain chemicals used years ago on farms.
• We have to make decisions between the use of polluting chemicals or living without them.
• We have to improve water supplies to protect all of us from the possible contamination of many pollutants
• How can we keep our water safe?
98
Essential Questions #72-73
• What are the economic tradeoffs when dealing with water quality?
• What local water issues are we dealing with now or have dealt with in the past?
• Class discussion
99
If a farmer decides to have a pesticide-free farm, which is most likely the
result of this choice?
A. The farmer’s crops will yield more than if pesticides had been applied.
B. The farmer’s crops will yield the same amount whether or not pesticides
have been applied.C. Insects may eat a larger percentage
of the farmer’s crops, causing a lower harvest than if pesticides had been
applied.D. Insects may eat a lower percentage
of the farmer’s crops, causing a higher harvest than if pesticides had
been applied.
100
If a farmer decides to have a pesticide-free farm, which is most likely the
result of this choice?
A. The farmer’s crops will yield more than if pesticides had been applied.
B. The farmer’s crops will yield the same amount whether or not pesticides
have been applied.C. Insects may eat a larger percentage
of the farmer’s crops, causing a lower harvest than if pesticides had been
applied.D. Insects may eat a lower percentage
of the farmer’s crops, causing a higher harvest than if pesticides had
been applied.
101
Essential Questions #74-75
• Why do we call water the universal solvent?
• How can you explain polarity in terms of water molecules?
102
Properties of Water
Structure of water
• Water is neutral• Oxygen (O) atom is
larger than the H atoms so electrons spend more of their time nearer the oxygen
• This gives water a slight overall charge
• That charge is called polaritywww.amnh.org/learn/courses/images/W3E1_1.jpg
103
Essential Question #75
• How can you explain polarity in terms of water molecules?
• The oxygen atom in water has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight
positive charge. Therefore, the molecule is polar.
104
Properties of Water
Water is called the universal solvent.
WHY?
• Water is polar.• Water molecules
attract molecules of other polar substances.
• So all polar molecules that are added to water get pulled apart (dissolved) by the water molecules
105
Properties of Water
www.biology.arizona.edu/.../chemistry/page3.html
106
Essential Question #74
• Why do we call water the universal solvent?
• Polarity of water pulls other polar molecules
apart.
107
Properties of WaterHydrogen Bond
Water forms bonds between water molecules. What does this mean?The polarity of water causes the molecules to be attracted to each other.
sciencehelpdesk.com
108
Properties of waterIn water vapor
(gas), hydrogen bonds don’t form.
In water (liquid), hydrogen bonds don’t last long except along the surface.
In ice (solid), hydrogen bonds form and molecules stay in place.
www.biology.arizona.edu/.../chemistry/page3.html
110
Properties of Water
Density of ice is less than that of liquid water.
The bonds keep the molecules at a distance increasing volume.
This is why water expands when freezing
This is why ice floats.
sciencehelpdesk.com
112
Properties of WaterThe natural attraction of a water
molecule to other water molecules is called cohesion
plantphys.info
113
Specific Heat – the ability to absorb heat.
• Due to strong hydrogen bonds, water molecules attract each other.
• Energy must be added to break these bonds.
• Water can absorb high amounts of energy because of these bonds.
• This means water has a high specific heat.
114
Essential Question #77
• How does water hold heat? (Specific heat)
• Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules tightly packed.
• Water holds high amounts of heat energy due to these bonds.
115
Properties of WaterAdhesion is the natural attraction of a
water molecule to other polar objects. This can be seen as water droplets form on the spider web.
upload.wikimedia.org
116
Properties of Water
1. Gravity is ALWAYS pulling on objects with mass
2. Yet water can move up a paper towel with relative ease. Why?
3. Because the positive and negative charges in the paper attract the polar water molecules (adhesion)
4. This property of adhesion is called capillary action
Water Molecules bonded to paper towel
www.davidlnelson.md
117
Essential Question #76
• How can you explain cohesion and adhesion in terms of water
molecules?• Class discussion
118
bloody2.com/images/capillary%203.jpg
www.sciencebuddies.org/.../PlantBio_img014.jpg
Capillary Action
www.uni.edu/~iowawet/animations/capilary.gif
119
Properties of WaterInside a body of water, polar water molecules attract each
other in a random fashion.At the surface, water is not attracted to the air.A layer of molecules at the surface creates surface tension. At the surface, the water behaves like a flexible sheet allowing
denser objects to “sit” on the surface.
www2.uni-siegen.de/
mrgontasz.com
121
Properties of WaterBuoyancy • the ability of a fluid to exert an upward
force on an object that is immersed in a fluid
• The buoyancy force is equal to the mass of the water displaced by a floating object
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoybasics.html