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Survey of the Animal PhylaNotes
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Characteristics of ALL Animals
1. Eukaryotic (cells with a nucleus)2. Multicellular (organisms are generally large3. Motile (can move at some point of its life)4. Heterotrophic (feeds on other organisms)
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There are 31 Animal Phyla identified by Scientists
Major Evolutionary developments occur along the roughly 600 Million years of the Animal Kingdom
We will Identify the 10 Largest Phyla of Animals
Phyla of Life
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Lack True Tissues Are Filter Feeders Have Choanocytes for Water movement Entirely aquatic 9000 Species Parametazoa- Animals without Tissues
Examples include All variety of salt water and fresh water Sponges
Porifera
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First Eumetazoans- Animals with tissues All members of this phyla have “Stinging
Cells” called nematocysts Have gel-like bodies Salt or fresh water Body form are Polyp (mouth up) or Medusa
(mouth down) All have Tentacles with Nematocysts
Cnidaria
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All have Tentacles with Nematocysts
Have extra-cellular digestion with a gastrovascular cavity “sac body plan”
Have Radial Body Plans 10,000 Species
Examples: Hydra, Jellyfish, Man-o-war, Coral, Sea Anemone, Sea Fans
Cnidaria
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First Animals with Bilateral Symmetry
All are “Flatworms” with ribbon-like bodies
Simplest organisms with specialized organs
Single opening into a digestive gut.
Can absorb nutrients directly into body
Platyhelmenthes
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Simple Nervous system
Many are parasitic living in hosts
Free living flatworms live in water
20,000 species
Examples include….Planaria, Tapeworms, Flukes, and Marine Flatworms.
Platyhelmenthes
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First organism with an alimentary canal with both mouth and anus
Microscopic fresh water organism
Has jaws surrounded by cilia to bring in food
2200 Species
Rotifera (Rotifers) aka Wheel Mouth
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Non-segmented One way digestive tract Covered by a Thick cuticle First organism with a pseudo-coelom 12,000 species Free living and Parasite species Examples: Pinworms, Ascaris, Hookworms,
heartworms, Trichina spiralis (Pork)
Nematoda ( Round Worms)
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110,000 species (Second Largest)
Breathe by Gills
Mantle secrets a shell in most species
Have a true visceral mass with many complex internal organs.
Has a muscular “foot” for movement
Mollusca---animals with Mantles
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Three main classes of Mollusca◦ 1. Gastropods-single spiral shell, scraping mouth
piece called a “radula”◦ Examples are snails, slugs, conches ◦ 2. Bivalves-two piece hinged shell, two siphons
for filter feeding. ◦ Examples : Clams, Oysters, Scallops, Mussels◦ 3. Cephalopods-no shell but has a well developed
head region, 8 arms/tentacles, mouth part includes a Beak. Eyes very similar to Humans
◦ Examples: Squid, Cuttlefish Octopus, Nautilus
Mollusca
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Gastropods
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Bivalves
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Cephalopods
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12,000 Species Internally and externally segmented
Well developed nervous system
Have a closed circulatory system
First organisms with a true body cavity
Annelida --segmented round worms
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Three Classes: 1. Oligochaeta- terrestrial Earthworms and
bloodworms
2. Hirudnia- Parasitic worms like Leeches
3. Polychaeta- marine worms like sandworms, bristleworms, tubeworms and fanworms
Annelids
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Annelids
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Largest Animal phyla with over 1.5 million species
General Characteristics◦ 1. True body cavity◦ 2. Segmented◦ 3. Jointed Appendages◦ 4. Exoskeleton made of Chitin◦ 5. Must “Molt” to grow
Arthopoda---- animals with exoskeletons and jointed legs
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7 Classes of Arthropods Trilobite- Extinct aquatic species
Merostomate- Includes only Horseshoe Crabs
Crustacians-mostly aquatic, Crabs, Lobster, Shrimp, Barnacles, Pill bugs
Insects- largest arthropod class, undergo Metamorphosis, 3 pr. of legs, only group that can fly.
Arthropoda
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Insects- largest arthropod class, undergo Metamorphosis, 3 pr. of legs, only group that can fly. Includes beetles, ants, butterflies, bees, mosquitoes, weevils and grasshoppers
Arachnids- 4 pair of legs, have fangs instead of jaws, most produce venom, includes spiders, ticks, scorpions, chiggers
Diplopods- four legs per segment, herbivores, includes all Millipedes.
Chilopods- two legs per segment, aggressive carnivores, includes all centipedes
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10,000 Species Endoskeleton with interlocking plates called
ossicles 5 part Radial Body Plan Fundamentally Bilateral Has a Water Vascular system that controls
water flow, suction and tube feet. Uses skin gills for respiration Remarkable regenerative abilities.
Echinodermata- “Spiney Skin”
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Examples include, sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sand dollars
Echinodermata
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Animals with a Notocord 42,500 species All chordates have Bilateral Symmetry,
notochord, spinal cord and highly developed Head region and brain.
Three Sub Phyla 1. Urochordates- 2. Cephalochordates- 3. Vertebrates-
Chordata
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Vertebrates- Largest Group of Chordates
Notocord becomes the Vertebrae during embryo development
Largest group of Vertebrates are fish
First Vertebrates originated around 500 million years ago.
Chordates
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Seven Classes of Vertebrates
1. Agnatha- Primitive jawless Fish. Long tube bodies breathe by gills, Salt Water…. Lampreys
Chordates
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2. Chondrichthytes----Cartilage Fish Has a skeleton made of cartilage, All Salt
Water species, gills Includes Sharks, Skates and Sting Rays
Chordates
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3. Osteichthyes—Boney Fish----fresh or salt water, skeleton made of calcium bone. Gill Breathers…. Ex. Include, Bass, Goldfish, Eels, Marlin, Catfish and Tuna
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4. Amphibians---Four Legged creatures that can live out of water but need water for reproduction. Lung Breathers as adults, gill breathers as young, Soft Moist skin…. Includes Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts
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5. Reptiles- Breathe by lungs in all stages.
Body covered by scales.
Eggs produced on land are tough and leathery.
First to have Internal Fertilization.
Includes Lizards, Snakes, Turtles, Alligators and relatives. Most include Dinosaurs based on general characteristics
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.6 Aves----the Birds
All Aves….. Have feathers instead of scales Are warm blooded Have a 4 chambered heart Produce hard shelled eggs Provide much parental involvement in the
young
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EaglesHawksPartridgeChickenPeacockSparrowOwlPenguinOstrich
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7. Mammalia--- the Advanced Vertebrates
All have hair on the body Warm blooded Have a Four chambered heart Internal fertilization Give live birth Nurse the young with milk External ears
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1- Parametazoans to Eumetazoans 2. Radial symmetry to Bilateral Symmetry 3. Acoelomate to Coelomate 4. Gill Breathing to Lung Breathing 5. Protostome to Deuterostome 6. Invertebrates to Vertebrates
Major Evolutionary Developments in the Animal Kingdom