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1
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2February 26, 2001
Map 6 of 45
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Map 7 of 45
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4
US Territorial Expansion
1
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1776
• Great Britain
• US declared independence from Great Britain
• DOI
1 - Original United States
Pay $$$$?
President?
• No
• No
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5
US Territorial Expansion
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1783
• Great Britain
• Revolutionary War
• Treaty of Paris
2
2 – United States in 1783
Pay $$$$?
• No
President?• No
1
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6
US Territorial Expansion
2
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1803
• France
• US needed New Orleans
1
3 - Louisiana Purchase 1803
3Pay $$$$?• $15 million
President?• Jefferson
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7
US Territorial Expansion
2
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1818
• Great Britain
• Border disputes with Great Lakes and Oregon
• Rush-Bagot Treaty 1818
• Share both areas.
1
4 – Ceded by Great Britain
3
Pay $$$$?• No
President?• No
4
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8February 26, 2001
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9
US Territorial Expansion
1
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1819
• Spain
• Stop Indian attacks on Georgia
• Florida Purchase Treaty
2
5 - Florida
5
3
Pay $$$$?• $5 million
President?• Monroe
4
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10
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“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John
O’Sullivan in 1845. "the right of our manifest destiny to over spread
and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and development
of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of
air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
"the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and development
of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of
air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
Manifest Destiny was the belief that the US would control the
North American continent from the Atlantic to Pacific.
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12February 26, 2001
• Belief that the US should expand its territory from coast
to coast
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13February 26, 2001Picture/
M.Destiny
American belief that U.S. would
control the continent from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
American belief that U.S. would
control the continent from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
Reasons• Escape religious
persecution• Find new trade
markets and harbors on the
Pacific • Claim land for
farming, ranching and
mining • Competition
with Europe• Spread democratic
ideas
Reasons• Escape religious
persecution• Find new trade
markets and harbors on the
Pacific • Claim land for
farming, ranching and
mining • Competition
with Europe• Spread democratic
ideas“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872
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14February 26, 2001Picture/
M.Destiny
KEY EVENTS• Texas statehood• Oregon territory
• Mexican War• Mexican Cession
• Pioneers TrekWest
• California trail• Oregon trail• Mormon trail
• Gold discovered• Gold Rush
KEY EVENTS• Texas statehood• Oregon territory
• Mexican War• Mexican Cession
• Pioneers TrekWest
• California trail• Oregon trail• Mormon trail
• Gold discovered• Gold Rush
“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872
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15February 26, 2001
• In John Gast's "American Progress," (1872) a diaphanously and precarious clad America floats
westward thru the air with the "Star of Empire" on her forehead. She has left the cities of the east behind, and the wide Mississippi, and still her
course is westward. In her right hand she carries a school book - testimonial of the national
enlightenment, while with her left she trails the slender wires of the telegraph that will bind the
nation. Fleeing her approach are Indians, buffalo, wild horses, bears and other game, disappearing into the storm and waves of the Pacific coast. They flee
the wondrous vision.
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16February 26, 2001Picture/
M.Destiny
KEY EVENTS• Californiastatehood
• Donner Party• 40 mile
desert• Ragtown• Genoa
KEY EVENTS• Californiastatehood
• Donner Party• 40 mile
desert• Ragtown• Genoa
Westward the Course of EmpireEmmanuel Leutze, 1860
Westward the Course of EmpireEmmanuel Leutze, 1860
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17
US Territorial Expansion
1
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1845
• Republic of Texas• Mexico
• Texas wanted to become part of the U.S. 2
7 - Texas
5
3
7
4
Pay $$$$?
• No
President• Tyler• Polk fought
for it.
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18February 26, 2001Picture/Polk
• James K. Polk, Democrat• Called “Young Hickory” after his
hero Andrew Jackson.• Congressmen from Tennessee
• Election of 1844, wins as a dark horse candidate.
• President from 1845 to 1849• Believed he had permission from
the American people to fulfill the Manifest Destiny.
• James K. Polk, Democrat• Called “Young Hickory” after his
hero Andrew Jackson.• Congressmen from Tennessee
• Election of 1844, wins as a dark horse candidate.
• President from 1845 to 1849• Believed he had permission from
the American people to fulfill the Manifest Destiny.
•Responsible for the following• Texas
• Oregon Territory in 1846• Mexican War
•Responsible for the following• Texas
• Oregon Territory in 1846• Mexican War
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19February 26, 2001
1.Lower the tariff.
2.Resolve the Oregon boundarydispute.
3.Restore the independent treasury.
4.Acquire California and Texas even if meant war with Mexico and fulfill our Manifest Destiny.
Goals of Polk’s Administration
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20February 26, 2001
1844 Election Results
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Trails
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Overland Immigration to the WestOverland Immigration to the West
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
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The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869
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42
US Territorial Expansion
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1846
• Great Britain
• US demanded all of Oregon Territory “54° 40’ or fight!”
• US and Britain compromised at the 49°
6 - Oregon Territory
1
2
5
3
7
4
6
Pay $$$$?• No President?
• Polk
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43February 26, 2001
Oregon dispute
• Treaty with Great Britain in
1846
• President Polk’s campaign
slogan was 54,40 or fight…
• Compromised with British and
divided the Oregon Country
at the 49th parallel
• Treaty with Great Britain in
1846
• President Polk’s campaign
slogan was 54,40 or fight…
• Compromised with British and
divided the Oregon Country
at the 49th parallel
49th Parallel
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44
US Territorial Expansion
1
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1848
• Mexico
• Polk offers to buy California from Mexico---refused
• Mexican American War!
• US wins• In Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
2
8 - Mexican Cession
5
3
6
7
8
Pay $$$$?• $15
million
President?• Polk
4
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45February 26, 2001
Long Term Causes•Manifest Destiny
Immediate Causes•Texas statehood, 1845
•Mexico refusing to sell California•Border dispute between US and Mexico
Effects•US receives Mexican Cession•Disputes over expansion of
slavery will lead to the Civil War
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The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic
John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont
The Revolt June 14, 1845The Revolt June 14, 1845
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The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845
Polk sent Congressmen John Slidell to Mexico City and was to negotiate an agreement with the Mexican Government. Mexican recognition of the Rio
Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’
claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico
area for $5,000,000. Offered Mexico $25 million for
California. US wanted California at any price. Mexico turned us down on all
conditions.
Polk sent Congressmen John Slidell to Mexico City and was to negotiate an agreement with the Mexican Government. Mexican recognition of the Rio
Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’
claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico
area for $5,000,000. Offered Mexico $25 million for
California. US wanted California at any price. Mexico turned us down on all
conditions.
John SlidellJohn Slidell
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Did Polk Provoke a War? • Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to march
5,000 American troops to the Northern side of the Nueces River.
• Once the Mexican government refused to receive Slidell, President Polk ordered General Taylor to move his troops to the northern side of the Rio Grande River.
• The Mexican and American troops were facing each other across the river.
• When Taylor refused to retreat to the Nueces, the Mexican commander crossed the Rio Grande, ambushed a scouting force of 63 Americans, and killed or wounded 16 of them (April 24, 1846).
• Hearing the news, Polk asked Congress for a declaration of war saying that “American blood was shed on American soil.”,
• Congress gave Polk a declaration of war.
President PolkPresident PolkGeneral TaylorGeneral Taylor
American blood on American soilAmerican blood on American soil
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Map 8 of 45
1848, Mexican Cession. President Polk fought Mexican
American War. Defeated Mexico. Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. Gave them $15 million.
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51February 26, 2001 Mexican War
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General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoGeneral Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto
“Old Rough and Ready”
“Old Rough and Ready”
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The Bombardment of Vera CruzThe Bombardment of Vera Cruz
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General Scott Enters Mexico CityGeneral Scott Enters Mexico City
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
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56February 26, 2001
Eventual states: California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona & New Mexico.
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo• Mexico ceded Mexican Cession
to U.S.• Rio Grande River boundary between U.S. and Mexico
• U.S. paid Mexico $15 million
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57
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58February 26, 2001
Eventual states: California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona & New Mexico.
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo• Mexico ceded Mexican Cession
to U.S.• Rio Grande River boundary between U.S. and Mexico
• U.S. paid Mexico $15 million
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59
US Territorial Expansion
1
When?
From Where?
Why/How?
• 1853
• Mexico
• Build a transcontinental railroad
2
9 – Gadsden Purchase
5
3
6
7
8
Pay $$$$?
• $10 million President?
• There was a President but not significant to this decision.
4
9
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60February 26, 2001
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Map 8 of 45
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63February 26, 2001 Trails
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64February 26, 2001
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65February 26, 2001
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66February 26, 2001
Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850
Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850
California resumes slavery question Radical Southern Democrats, “fire-eaters”
threated secession if California becomes a free state.
Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state.
Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:
South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.
California resumes slavery question Radical Southern Democrats, “fire-eaters”
threated secession if California becomes a free state.
Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state.
Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:
South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.
Secession: Refers to the Southern States wanting to separate from the United States and forming
their own country
Fugitive Slave Law: US Law that required
escaped slaves caught in the North to be returned
to the South.
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Abolitionists Whig PartyAbolitionists Whig PartyFree Soil!
Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!
Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!
“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats who opposed slavery.
Abolitionists have a National Voice and members in Congress were Whigs.
Whigs opposed the extension of slavery in the new territories!
“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats who opposed slavery.
Abolitionists have a National Voice and members in Congress were Whigs.
Whigs opposed the extension of slavery in the new territories!
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Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846
Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)
Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)
Wilmot Proviso
• David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA
• Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from
Mexico in the war
• Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846
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Map 8 of 45
Wilmot ProvisioProhibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war
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70February 26, 2001
John C. Calhoun: South• North should honor the Constitution
and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law• South wanted California• threatened to secede from U.S.• U.S. should have two Presidents---one
from the North and one for the South
Comp of 1850
Daniel Webster: North• Secession is impractical & impossible• How would we split the land? • The military?• Compromise at all cost• Preserve the Union
Henry Clay
The Great Compromiser: Henry Clay and Daniel
Webster try to convince John C. Calhoun the Union must be
preserved..
Most intense debate in in the history of the U.S.
Senate.
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71February 26, 2001
•Solve the slavery issue through Popular
Sovereignty
•Let the people in each territory decide through
the process of voting whether they want
slavery or not.
•Solve the slavery issue through Popular
Sovereignty
•Let the people in each territory decide through
the process of voting whether they want
slavery or not.
Picture/S.Douglas
Assists Henry Clay and Daniel Webster propose the Compromise of 1850
Assists Henry Clay and Daniel Webster propose the Compromise of 1850
• U.S. Senator from Illinois, a Democrat and
author of Popular Sovereignty.
Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas
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72February 26, 2001Map Comp of 1850
Popular Sovereignty People in a territory vote on whether they want slavery or
not.
Compromise of 1850 • California a free state• 2 new territories with
Popular Sovereignty• Enforce Fugitive Slave
Law• End slave trade in
Washington, DC.
President Millard Fillmore signed Compromise of 1850
into law.
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74February 26, 2001
ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND
Abolitionists hate Fugitive Slave LawHarriet Beecher
Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published
Abolitionists refuse to enforce the lawUnderground
Railroad becomes more active
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75February 26, 2001Picture/Stowe
• Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Book was used as propaganda to show
the inhumanity of slavery.
• Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Book was used as propaganda to show
the inhumanity of slavery.
• Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.
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76February 26, 2001 Picture/Tubman
• Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people.• Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South
during the 1850’s.• $40,000 bounty was placed on her head• Conductor of the Underground Railroad• Financially supported by Abolitionists.
• Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people.• Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South
during the 1850’s.• $40,000 bounty was placed on her head• Conductor of the Underground Railroad• Financially supported by Abolitionists.
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77February 26, 2001Map/Underground RR
The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through
most of the North by 1830.One estimate places the number of
African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000.Underground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to
CanadaViolated the Fugitive Slave Law
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79February 26, 2001
RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTSWilliam Lloyd Garrison
“3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The
Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent
blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!”
Fugitive Slave Law
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80February 26, 2001
• Younger members of Congress from North disagreed with older members (Clay, Calhoun, Webster)
• Believed Union had to be purified (of slavery), not patched together and preserved at all costs
• William H. Seward: – Senator from New York– Became spokesman for northern
antislavery radicals– Opposed compromise with
South– Called for obedience to “higher
law” regarding slavery in the territories
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81February 26, 2001
SOUTHERNERS RESPONDSoutherners
threatened secession and war
Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law.
5th AmendmentSupremacy Clause
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Expansionist Young America in the 1850sExpansionist Young America in the 1850s
South looked for other territories to expand slavery. This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars
against countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South.
South looked for other territories to expand slavery. This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars
against countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South.
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How the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North
Delay gave the North more money, population, factories, crops, etc. to fight war with
Delay gave North increased moral strengthIn 1850, most Northerners would not have supported use of force to keep
South in UnionBy 1860, most Northerners would support use of force against South (because
of these 10 years of fighting over slavery with South)