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Hinduism
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Hinduism
– Most ancient religious tradition in Asia (world?)– Vedas – Hindu sacred texts– Polytheistic - May be viewed as monothestic– Castes
• Brahman, priestly• Kshatriya, warrior/ruler• Vaisya, tradesman and farmer• Sudra, servant and laborer
– Untouchables (de facto 5th caste)
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• Central belief is in reincarnation
• Transmigration of the soul• Cycles of creation – birth to
death to birth• Role of dharma & karma• Effect on diet
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Characteristics of Hinduism
• No clergy or religious requirements – • No real splintering or sects
– Can be practiced in many ways & at many levels so there was no need to “split off.”
• No concept of a personal God• Each individual is seeking to comprehend
the ultimate reality while living out his/her dharma with the goal of union with Brahman once the cycle of reincarnation is ended.
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Monotheism?
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Hindu Landscape
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Ganges River
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Buddhism
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Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama – Kshatriya Caste• Buddha – Enlightened One• Four Noble Truths
– Life involves suffering
– Cause of suffering is desire
– Elimination of desire ends suffering
– Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire
• Diffused from India
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Buddhism
• Nirvana–Buddhism is a way of living that achieves
release from reincarnation and suffering
• God is not knowable, so is, therefore, not a major concern in Buddhism
• Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) rejected the caste system
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Buddhism
• Scriptures: Vinaya (discipline) – expanded later
• Branches:– Theravada (south) – monk seeks own
deliverance
– Mahayana (north) – role of bodhisattvas & ritual
– Tibetan Lamaism – example of syncretism
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Branches of Buddhism
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The Eight-Fold Path
The Way (the 8-Fold Path)
The threefold scheme of morality
1. Right understanding
2. Right thoughtFaith(initially)
Wisdom: III(ultimately)
3. Right speech4. Right bodily action5. Right livelihood
Morality: I
6. Right moral effort7. Right mindfulness8. Right concentration
Meditation: II
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Buddhist Stupas
ThailandCambodia
Tibet
Buddhist Landscapes
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Buddhist Stupa, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand
Buddhist Temple, Louang pPhrabang, Laos
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Tibetan Buddhist Prayer Wheels Tibetan Landscapes
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Wat Chedi Luang, Chang Mai Thailand
Grand Palace, Bangkok Thailand
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Borobodour, Indonesia
Golden Temple, Kyoto Japan
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Buddhist Temple, Kharkorin, Mongolia
Angor Wat, Cambodia
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Other Religions
• Eastern Religions– Confucianism – China – Taoism – China – Shinto – Japan – Zoroastrianism – Iran– Baha'i – Iran
• Animism and Shamanism
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TaoismThe natural is the essence
of all that must be known,and the place
where all must return
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Confucianism
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Shintoism
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Animism and Shamanism
• Animism • Belief in influence of spirits or spiritual forces in all
creation
• Characteristic of many African & Native American religions
• Shamanism• the religion of certain peoples, esp. some
indigenous to N Asia, based on a belief in good and evil spirits who can be influenced only by the shamans