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Microbiology
• The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification– bacteria– viruses– fungi– protozoa – helminths (worms) – algae
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Branches of Study Within Microbiology
• Immunology
• Public health microbiology & epidemiology
• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
• Biotechnology
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Microbes are Involved in
• Nutrient production & energy flow
• Decomposition
• Biotechnology and production of foods, drugs & vaccines
• Bioremediation
• Causing disease
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Origins of Microorganisms• Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth
for about 3.5 billion years– Procaryotes (pre-nucleus): Simple cells – Eucaryotes (true nucleus): Complex cells
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Impact of Pathogens
• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases
• 10 B infections/year worldwide
• 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide
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Characteristics of Microbes
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The Six Types of Microorganisms
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Microbial Dimensions
• Procaryotes are measured in micrometers
• Viruses in nanometers
• Helminths (worms) are measured in millimeters
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• First to observe living microbes
• His single-lens magnified up to 300X
(1632-1723)
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Spontaneous Generation
Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces
present in nonliving or decomposing matter
(flies from manure, etc)
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Louis Pasteur
• Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous generation
• Developed aseptic techniques and microbial control method for milk
• Developed a rabies vaccine
(1822-1895)
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Germ Theory of Disease
Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and
not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.
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Robert Koch
• Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease
• Developed pure culture methods
• Identified causes of anthrax, TB, & cholera
(1843-1910)
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Taxonomy - System for Organizing, Classifying &
Naming Living Things• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria &
Eukarya• Kingdom • Phylum or Division• Class • Order• Family• Genus• species
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Sample Taxonomy
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3 Domains
• Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan cell walls
• Archaea – odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc
• Eucarya- have a nucleus & organelles
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Naming Microorganisms
• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names– Genus - noun, always capitalized– species - adjective, lower case
• Both italicized or underlined– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)– Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)– Escherichia coli (E. coli)