1
Patterns of Interregional UnityPatterns of Interregional Unity
300 – 1500 C.E.300 – 1500 C.E.
Big Era FiveBig Era Five
2
Patterns of Interregional UnityPatterns of Interregional Unity
Welcome to Big Era
Five!
Big Era Five lasted from 300 CE to 1500 CE.
Big Era 2
300 CE – 1500 CE
Big Era 3 Big Era 5Big Era 4
1800 CE10,000 BCE 1000 BCE
Big Era 6Big Era 2
300 CE – 1500 CE
Big Era 3 Big Era 5Big Era 4
1800 CE10,000 BCE 1000 BCE
3
During Big Era Five, many connections During Big Era Five, many connections were established among regions. These were established among regions. These formed formed interregionalinterregional patterns of unity. patterns of unity.
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
4
At the start of Big Era Five, numerous
inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions
were starting to spread from their regions of
origin.
5
…
By the end of Big Era Five, many of these
important ideas and useful things had spread all across Afroeurasia…
…That spread of ideas and things is
part of cultural exchange.
6
Cultural exchange had many aspects.Cultural exchange had many aspects.
People shared ideas People shared ideas across regions.across regions.
Population increased Population increased and people migrated.and people migrated.
Trade networks expanded Trade networks expanded and cities grew.and cities grew.
Huge empires brought many Huge empires brought many different groups of people different groups of people
together.together.
7
PopulationPopulation
IdeasIdeas
TradeTrade
EmpiresEmpires
Let’s take a closer look at each of these causes of
cultural exchange.
8
World World population population grew from grew from about about 250 million to 250 million to 460 million 460 million between between 200 CE 200 CE and 1500 CE.and 1500 CE.
PopulationPopulation
9
No, then people were counted only
in the millions.
Were there billions of people Were there billions of people living on the earth then as there living on the earth then as there
are now?are now?
A world population of 460 million in 1500 CE is about the same as
the population of North America today!
PopulationPopulation
10
The The population population of the of the Americas Americas was much was much smaller than smaller than the the population population of of Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
3rdc.
4thc.
5thc.
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th
PopulationPopulation
World Population
American Population
11
Less than 40 million people
were spread over two huge
continents.
As a result, cultural exchange in the Americas
was less extensive than in
Afroeurasia.
40 million equals the
population of Spain or Colombia
today!
PopulationPopulation
12
PopulationPopulation
So, we’ll look at cultural exchange
in Afroeurasia, and then return to the Americas
later.
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
13
Population growth in Afroeurasia Population growth in Afroeurasia affected affected the environmentthe environment..
PopulationPopulation
Deforestation happened when Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.cities and farming expanded.
14
Human impact on the environment had serious
effects!• Wood was Wood was
insufficient for heat, insufficient for heat, construction, and construction, and metal-working.metal-working.
• Soil eroded and Soil eroded and degraded.degraded.
• River flooding River flooding devastated villages, devastated villages, farmlands, and farmlands, and cities.cities.
• Famines meant Famines meant people didn’t get people didn’t get enough to eat.enough to eat.
PopulationPopulation
15
Large groups of people moved
around, or migrated.
Population increases affected the environment. Sometimes, people got up and moved on
to new lands.
PopulationPopulation
16
People migrated to new People migrated to new places in (and out) of places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.
Vikings
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
Mongols
Turkic Groups
People of Oceania
Arabs
Germanic Tribes
Chinese
PopulationPopulation
17
• Migrating groups moved Migrating groups moved into other groups’ into other groups’ territories, forcing them territories, forcing them to go elsewhere.to go elsewhere.
• Migrating groups Migrating groups introduced new plants introduced new plants and animals into their and animals into their new homes.new homes.
• Migrations diffused Migrations diffused technologies for farming, technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts.warfare, and crafts.
• Migrations diffused Migrations diffused languages, styles of languages, styles of living, and arts.living, and arts.
PopulationPopulation
Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia.
18
EmpiresEmpires
Building states and empires involved
cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia.
During Big Era Five, many, many states
and empires came… and went.
19
New ruling groups New ruling groups built on the built on the foundations of foundations of earlier states and earlier states and empires.empires.
EmpiresEmpires
20
Sui ChinaSilla
Parhae
Yamoto Japan
Harsha’ Empire
Chalukya
Avar Kingdom
Frankish Kingdoms
GhanaAxum
Sassanid Empire
Byzantine Empire
States and Empires in 600 CEStates and Empires in 600 CE
21
Ghana
Carolingian
Byzantine
Abbasid Caliphate
Axum
Gurjara-Pratihara
Tang China
Srivijaya
Parhae
Silla
Cordoba Caliphate
Heian Japan
States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE
22
Mongol Empire
Russia
Sung China
Koryo
Kamakura Japan
Delhi Sultanate
Scandanavian Kingdoms
Mali
Zimbabwe
BeninOyo
France
Ethiopia
Ayyubid Caliphate
Almohad Caliphate
Poland
Rum
H.R.E.
Hungary
England
Portugal
Spain
States and Empires in 1237 CEStates and Empires in 1237 CE
Angkor
23
Mali
Oyo Benin
Zimbabwe
Zanj City-States
Ethiopia VijayanagaraSiam
Majapahit
Ashikaga Japan
Korea
Marinids HafsidsMamluk Sultanate
Granada
Portugal Castile
France
ScotlandEngland
Union of Kalmar
Holy Roman Empire
Poland-Lithuania
Hungary
Ottoman Emp.
Russian States
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Jagatai Khanate
Ming China
Timurid Empire
States and Empires in 1400 CEStates and Empires in 1400 CE
24
How did states and empires
stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?
• Wars led to Wars led to destruction but destruction but produced new produced new inventions.inventions.
• Strong governments Strong governments protected trade protected trade routes and stabilized routes and stabilized currencies.currencies.
• Royal courts were Royal courts were patrons of science, patrons of science, religious institutions, religious institutions, and arts.and arts.
• Large states brought Large states brought together many together many ethnic, language, and ethnic, language, and religious groups.religious groups.
EmpiresEmpires
25
Trade was also closely linked to
cultural exchange.
TradeTrade
Empires supported trade in
Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.
26
The number of cities grew, as The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between well as trade networks between
them.them.TradeTrade
27
From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.farther and were used by more travelers.
TradeTrade
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
28
• Trade helped spread Trade helped spread religions, religions, languages, ideas, languages, ideas, and arts.and arts.
• Trade stimulated Trade stimulated use of natural use of natural resources.resources.
• Cities and Cities and manufacturing manufacturing centers grew centers grew bigger.bigger.
• Banks, credit, and Banks, credit, and money systems money systems encouraged regional encouraged regional and long distance and long distance trade.trade.
TradeTrade
How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in
Afroeurasia?
29
During Big Era Five, universal
religions spread across Afroeurasia.
Universal religions are belief systems
that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group.
IdeasIdeas
30
The spread of universal religions The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CEfrom 300-1500 CE
IdeasIdeas
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
31
Who spread these universal Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia?religions across Afroeurasia?
Monks spread Monks spread Buddhism.Buddhism.
Traders and Sufi Traders and Sufi orders spread orders spread
Islam.Islam.
MissionariesMissionariesspread spread
ChristianityChristianity..
IdeasIdeas
32
• Universal faiths gave Universal faiths gave members a sense of members a sense of community beyond community beyond political, class, or political, class, or ethnic identities.ethnic identities.
• Religious scholars Religious scholars gathered and recorded gathered and recorded knowledge and knowledge and founded institutions of founded institutions of learning.learning.
• The spread of religions The spread of religions stimulated production stimulated production and exchange of arts, and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, literature, philosophy, and the sciences.and the sciences.
How did the spread of religion
encourage cultural exchange
in Afroeurasia?
IdeasIdeas
33
What inventions, technologies,
products, and ideas were exchanged
across Afroeurasia?
IdeasIdeas
34
Scholars studied and spread Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions knowledge in many institutions
of learning.of learning.IdeasIdeas
Korean Korean librarylibrary
European European astronomerastronomer
Sung Sung scholarscholar
Muslim Muslim astronomerastronomer
ss
35
Natural sciences developed in Natural sciences developed in many places.many places.
IdeasIdeas
IndianIndian
ChineseChineseMuslimMuslim
EuropeanEuropean
36
Transport and communication Transport and communication technologies improved.technologies improved.
AstrolabeAstrolabeLateen sailLateen sail North Arabian North Arabian
camel saddlecamel saddle
Books & paperBooks & paperStern-Stern-rudderrudder
StirrupStirrup
MapmakinMapmakingg
IdeasIdeas
37
Water & energy technologies were Water & energy technologies were
transferred across Afroeurasia.transferred across Afroeurasia.• Hydraulic systems Hydraulic systems carried water where carried water where expanding cities expanding cities needed it.needed it.
• Wheels lifted water Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and to irrigate crops and drain swamps.drain swamps.
• Waterwheels, Waterwheels, windmills, and trip-windmills, and trip-hammers provided hammers provided energy for pumping, energy for pumping, grinding, milling, grinding, milling, and pounding.and pounding.
IdeasIdeas
38
IdeasIdeas
Crops also diffused across Afroeurasia. Travelers and
migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to
grow, eat, and sell these crops.
39
• Sorghum fattened up Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern crop spread from eastern Africa to China.Africa to China.
• Citrus fruits rolled from Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and celebrated in garden and song.song.
• Cane sugar sweetened a Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the path from India to the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.
• Cotton wove its way from Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Central Asia, and China.
• Veggies like spinach, Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into stirred vitamins into meals across the meals across the hemisphere.hemisphere.
IdeasIdeas
40
• The pace of innovation The pace of innovation increased.increased.
• Knowledge Knowledge accumulated more accumulated more quickly.quickly.
• Manufacturing and Manufacturing and farming productivity farming productivity increased.increased.
• People’s diets and People’s diets and health improved.health improved.
• Sea travel and Sea travel and transport webs transport webs became thicker.became thicker.
How did transfers of technology and products change people’s lives in
Afroeurasia?
IdeasIdeas
41
You might say that by 1500 CE the world was
connected, right?
If you had to put the changes in
Big Era Five into one sentence,
what would it be?
But wait! You still haven’t said much But wait! You still haven’t said much
about the Americas!about the Americas!
42
Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia
were not yet permanently linked
together.
…not until 1492 . . .
When Columbus set sail across the
Atlantic . . .
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
43
The Americas had fewer people than Afroeurasia, and the two
land masses were geographically isolated from each other.
Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. In any case,
the Americas were also a region of active human interchange.
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
44
• SciencesSciences like like astronomy, astronomy, mathematics and mathematics and engineering were engineering were developed.developed.
• TradeTrade routes connected routes connected regions.regions.
• Mining, irrigation, and Mining, irrigation, and agricultural agricultural technologiestechnologies developed.developed.
• CropsCrops like potatoes, like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate cotton, and chocolate were grown.were grown.
Inca GoldInca Gold Corn & PotatoesCorn & Potatoes
Mayan CalendarMayan Calendar
Mississippian MicaMississippian Mica
Moche CeramicMoche Ceramic
Cultural development and exchange in the Cultural development and exchange in the Americas:Americas:
The Maya, Inca, and Aztec EmpiresThe Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires
45
Aztec EmpireMayan States
Inca Empire
States and States and Empires in the Empires in the
Americas in Americas in 1500 CE1500 CE
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
46
It had to happen sooner or later!It had to happen sooner or later!
At the very end of Big Era Five,
European mariners set out on trans-
oceanic voyages to the Americas.
Those voyages linked the Americas with
Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations
of people over 13,000 years earlier!
47
Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the
Americas, and not the opposite?
Stern-Stern-rudderrudder
CompassCompass
Lateen SailLateen Sail
MapmakingMapmaking
Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE made possible the technologies that in turn permitted transoceanic voyages.
48
In Big Era Six, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas
started moving around the entire globe.
End of Big Era Five
http://www.lvna.net/Activities/Fireworks/fireworks.html