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Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology
January 14
Lecture 3
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Announcement
The tutorials for the Peer Mentor Program will be held on the following dates:
January 21, 3:30-4:30February 12, 3:00-4:00March 4, 3:30-4:30March 24, 4:00-5:00April 7, 4:00-5:00
Location to be announced.
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A little R&R ….(Review and Reflect)
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Psychology 305 4
Personality Assessment and the Trait Perspective
1. How are personality variables measured?
2. How do researchers establish the reliability and validity of a personality measure?
3. What are traits?
4. Has a comprehensive taxonomy of personality traits been developed?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
3. distinguish between face, predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity.
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2. distinguish between internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability.
1. review personality measurement techniques.
4. describe Eysenck’s personality taxonomy.
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How are personality variables measured? (continued)
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Psychology 305 7
Participants complete the statement “I am” 20 times.
Researchers count the number of statements that refer to a given personality characteristic.
Unstructured Self-Report: The Twenty-Statements Test
I am _______________I am _______________I am _______________I am _______________
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Psychology 305 8
True/false items: I like loud and crowded parties ………… T/FI enjoy trying new foods …………………. T/F
Adjective checklists: adventurous
conservative
Structured Self-Report: True/False Items and Adjective Checklists
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Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement.
1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Neutral Strongly disagree agree
1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………….. 1 22. I feel that I have a number of good qualities …….. 1 23. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure …. 1 24. I am able to do things as well as most people …… 1 2
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Structured Self-Report: Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale
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• Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale:
Measures global feelings of self-worth (“trait” self-esteem).
Mean score for university undergraduates: 38 (maximum possible score = 50), SD = 6.2.
Females tend to score slightly lower than males, largest sex difference in adolescence (15-18).
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How do researchers establish the reliability and validity of a personality measure?
• In order to accurately assess a personality variable, the measure that is used must be reliable and valid.
The consistency with which a measure assesses a construct across repeated measurements.
• Reliability
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Three forms:
1. Internal consistency:
• Relevant for multi-item measures (e.g., questionnaires).
• The degree to which the items in the measure produce similar responses (i.e., tap the same construct).
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Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement.
1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Neutral Strongly disagree agree
1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………….. 1 22. I feel that I have a number of good qualities …….. 1 23. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure …. 1 24. I am able to do things as well as most people …… 1 2
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Structured Self-Report: Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale
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2. Inter-rater reliability:
• Relevant when observer ratings are obtained from two or more observers.
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• The degree to which the scores provided by different observers are consistent with one another (i.e., there
is consensus among observers).
• Involves calculating the correlation between the scores provided by different observers.
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3. Test-retest reliability:
• Relevant for all types of measures.
• The degree to which participants’ scores on the measure at time 1 are consistent with their scores on
the measure at time 2.
• Involves calculating the correlation between participants’ scores on successive test administrations
(i.e., their scores at time 1 and scores at time 2).
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The degree to which a measure assesses the construct it is intended to measure.
• Validity (or construct validity)
A measure that is reliable may or may not be valid; a valid measure must be reliable.
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Four forms:
1. Face validity:
• The degree to which a measure appears to tap the construct under study.
• E.g., Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale.All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failureOn the whole, I am satisfied with myself
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2. Criterion validity (or predictive validity):
• The degree to which a measure correlates with a behaviour that is theoretically related to the
construct under study.
• E.g., A self-esteem measure should be correlated with: alcohol and drug use persistence in the face of failure number of sexual partners (i.e., sexual promiscuity)
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3. Convergent validity:
• The degree to which a measure correlates with measures that assess conceptually-related constructs (i.e., constructs that are theoretically related to the construct of interest).
• E.g., A self-esteem measure should be correlated with measures of: depression. neuroticism. positive affectivity.
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4. Discriminant validity:
• The degree to which a measure does not correlate with measures that assess conceptually unrelated
constructs (i.e., constructs that are not theoretically related to the construct of interest).
• E.g., A self-esteem should not be correlated with measures of:
agreeableness. need for cognition. political attitudes (i.e., liberal vs. conservative).
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• Often, convergent and discriminant validity are examined simultaneously:
Dep Neur PosAff Agree NCogn Polatt
SE -.68 -.57 .63 .06 .09 -.02
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Psychology 305 22
• According to the trait perspective, personality is best described as a constellation of traits (e.g., anxious, conscientious, outgoing).
Example: Peter is jealous. “Jealous” describes Peter’s behaviour.
• Traits are viewed as descriptive summaries of behaviour.
What are traits?
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Psychology 305 23
Has a comprehensive taxonomy of personality traits been developed?
• Taxonomy: A classification system (e.g., Periodic Table of Elements).
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• Over the past century, dozens of taxonomies have been proposed for personality traits.
• Examples:
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1. Eysenck’s personality taxonomy: PEN
Developed on the basis of pre-existing theory: Body Humors Theory (Hippocrates, Galen).
Proposes three personality dimensions: Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
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Psychology 305 25
Personality Types Derived from Eysenck’s Taxonomy
Low Neuroticism (Emotionally Stable)
High NeuroticismEmotionally Unstable
Introvert
PassiveCarefulThoughtful APeacefulControlledReliable
QuietPessimisticUnsociable BSoberRigidMoody
Extravert
SociableOutgoingTalkative CResponsiveEasygoingLively
ActiveOptimisticImpulsive DChangeableExcitableAggressive
A = Phlegmatic; B = Melancholic; C = Sanguine; D = Choleric
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
3. distinguish between face, predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity.
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2. distinguish between internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability.
1. review personality measurement techniques.
4. describe Eysenck’s personality taxonomy.