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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences
Lecture 50
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Office Hour InvitationsMarch 1st, 1:30-2:30, Kenny 2517
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Achievement and Physical Health:
1. Are there sex differences in self-esteem? (continued)
2. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. review explanations for sex differences in global self-esteem.
3. define the term “morbidity paradox.”
2. identify sex differences in domain-specific forms of self-esteem.
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5. contrast sex differences in mortality rates in distinct regions of the world.
4. discuss sex differences in mortality rates across the life span among Canadians.
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• Explanations for the lower levels of global self-esteem among females than males:
1. Gender roles.
2. Imbalances in cross-sex interactions in childhood.
3. Differential treatment of boys and girls in school.
Are there sex differences in self-esteem? (continued)
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5. Pervasive violence against girls and women.
4. Differential athletic participation by boys and girls.
6. Cultural emphasis on appearance among females:
Body dissatisfaction is so common among females that it has been termed a “normative discontent” (Rodin et al., 1985).
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• Nevertheless, the relatively small sex difference in global self-esteem has led some theorists to caution against excessive focus upon it. This may:
2. Lead to self-fulfilling prophecies among females:
1. Result in neglect of the challenges to self-esteem that are experienced by boys and men.
Females obtain higher scores than males on some domain-specific forms of self-esteem:
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Domain-Specific Form of Self-Esteem
Effect Size
Athletic self-esteem .41
Appearance self-esteem .35Behaviour conduct self-esteem
-.17
Moral-ethical self-esteem -.38
Effect Sizes for Domain-Specific Forms of Self-Esteem (Gentile et al., 2009)
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Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity?
• Although males have higher mortality rates than females, females have higher morbidity rates than males.
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1. Mortality
More males are conceived than females: (100 females:120-160 males; Stillion, 1995).
However, birth rates (100 females:105 males) suggest that male fetuses are more likely to die than
female fetuses (Matthews & Hamilton, 2005).
After birth, death rates are higher for males than females at all ages, with the exception of >85 years.
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Age Male Female Male:Female Death Ratio
1-4 1,146 909 1.26
5-14 271 202 1.34
15-24 1,652 651 2.54
25-34 1,845 821 2.25
35-44 3,617 2,167 1.67
45-54 8,482 5,511 1.54
55-64 14,829 9,384 1.58
65-74 22,753 15,805 1.44
75-84 35,649 32,941 1.08
> 85 24,898 44,533 .56
Annual Number of Deaths by Sex and Age (Statistics Canada, 2010)
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Consistent with these findings, the current and projected life expectancies of females in Canada and other “developed” countries exceed those of males:
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Males Females
Life expectancy at birth in 2002
Life expectancy at birth in 2031
Current and Projected Life Expectancies for Males and Females in Canada
(Statistics Canada, 2010; World Factbook, 2012)
79.0 84.0
81.9 86.0
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Sex differences in life expectancy are more variable in “developing” countries than in developed countries.
Nevertheless, in the vast majority of countries, females outlive males:
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Country Male Female Difference
Canada 79 84 5
US 76 81 5
Australia 79 84 5
New Zealand 79 83 4
France 78 84 6
Germany 76 82 6
Great Britain 77 82 5
Italy 79 85 6
Portugal 75 82 7
Bulgaria 70 78 8
Poland 72 80 8
Romania 71 78 7
Russia 60 73 13
Estimated Life Expectancies Around the World (World Factbook, 2009, 2012)
Country Male Female Difference
Cambodia 61 66 5
China 73 77 4
Philippines 69 75 6
Bangladesh 58 63 5
India 66 68 2
Nepal 65 68 3
Afghanistan 48 51 3
Iraq 69 72 3
Kuwait 76 79 3
Botswana 57 55 -2
Rwanda 57 60 3
Uganda 52 55 3
Zimbabwe 52 51 -1
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Achievement and Physical Health:
1. Are there sex differences in self-esteem? (continued)
2. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity?