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1
Satellite Remote Sensing of Particulate
Matter Air Quality
ARSET-AQApplied Remote SEnsing
Training
A project of NASA Applied Sciences
Pawan GuptaOriginally presented at
LADCO, March 12-15, 2012
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Estimation of PM2.5 mass concentration at surface (µg m-3) while utilizing satellite derived Aerosol
Optical Depth (AOD – unitless quantity) at a visible wavelength
OBJECTIVE
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Sensitive groups should avoid all physical activity outdoors; everyone else should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion
Sensitive groups should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion; everyone else should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
Sensitive groups should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion
None
Cautionary Statements
201-300
151-200
101-150
51-100
0-50
IndexValues
PM10
(ug/m3)
PM2.5
(ug/m3)
Category
355-424
255-354
155-254
55-154
0-54
150.5-250.4
65.5-150.4
40.5-65.4
15.5-40.4
0-15.4Good
Very Unhealthy
Unhealthy
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Moderate
What are we looking for ?
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Surface
Aerosol
Rayleigh Scattering
Water vapor + other gases (absorption)
Ozone
10km
Satellite
Sun
ColumnSatelliteMeasurement
Particle size Composition Water uptake Vertical Distribution
Satellite retrieval issues - inversion (e.g. aerosol model, background).
Seven Seven MODIS MODIS bandsbandsare are utilized to utilized to derivederiveaerosol aerosol propertiesproperties
0.470.47, , 0.55, 0.55, 0.650.65, , 0.86, 0.86, 1.24, 1.24, 1.64, 1.64, and and 2.132.13 µmµm
10X10 10X10 kmkm22 Res.Res.
dzAOT ext )(
What Do Satellites Provides?
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Measurement Techniques
AOD – Column integrated value (top of the atmosphere to surface) - Optical measurement of aerosol loading – unitless. AOD is a function of shape, size, type and number concentration of aerosols
PM2.5 – Mass per unit volume of aerosol particles less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter at surface (measurement height) level
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What satellites provide and how to get it?
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DRAFT
May 11, 2007
May 12, 2007
May 13, 2007
May 14, 2007
May 15, 2007
May 16, 2007
MODIS-Terra True Color Images
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DRAFT
May 11, 2007
May 12, 2007
May 13, 2007
May 14, 2007
May 15, 2007
May 16, 2007
MODIS-Terra Aerosol Optical Thickness
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AOT to PM
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Hoff and Christopher, 2009
AOD to PM2.5 - Theoretical
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PM2.5 Estimation: Popular Methods
AOT
PM
2.5
Y=mX + c5D+
2D+
1
1D+
and Empirical Methods, Data Assimilation etc. are under utilized
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AOT-PM
Chu et al., 2003
Wang et al., 2003
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Gupta, 2008
AOT-PM2.5 Relationship
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Limitation: Major Unsolved Issue
All three Statistical models (TVM, MVM, ANN) underestimate high PM2.5 loadings
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Vertical Distribution
Engel-Cox et al., 2006Al-Saadi et al., 2008
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Aug 17Aug 18Aug 19
Aug 20Aug 21Aug 22Aug 23
Aug 25Aug 28
5 km
(courtesy of Dave Winker, P.I. CALIPSO)
What Satellites can provide for vertical What Satellites can provide for vertical information? - CALIPSOinformation? - CALIPSO
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Questions to Ask: Issues
How accurate are these estimates ?
Is the PM2.5-AOT relationship always linear?
How does uncertainty in AOT retrievals affect estimation of air quality
Does this relationship change in space and time?
Does this relationship change with change in aerosol type?
How does meteorology drive this relationship?
How does vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere affect these estimates?
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TVM MVM
Advantages of using reanalysis meteorology along with satellite
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TVM
MVM ANN
Spatial Comparison
MODIS-Terra, July 1, 2007
Satellite-derived PM2.5 fills the gap in surface measurements
All three methods underestimate the higher PM2.5 concentrations.
Gupta et al., 2010, to be submitted
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Combination of model and satellite observations
van Donkelaar et al., 2010