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Survey of African Indigenous
Vegetable (AIV) Production and
Marketing Tanzania
Don Lotter, Ph.D.
St. John’s University of Tanzania
+255 713 399 567
Thanks: Horticulture CRSP /
Prof. Steve Weller, Purdue University
1
PDF at
www.sjutlotter.
blogspot.com
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2 Tanzania – Four regions
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3 Tanzania – Four regions
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Morogoro
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Archileus Mugisha
Master’s student
St. John’s University
Community Development
Program
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Commonly sold African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) of Tanzania
Common name Botanical name Swahili name Family
Amaranth leaf Amaranthus spp. Mchicha Amaranthaceae
Nightshade leaf Solanum scabrum/ villosum/americanum
Mnavu Solanaceae
Cowpea leaf Vigna unguiculata Kunde Papilionaceae
Squash leaf Cucurbita pepo Maboga Cucurbitaceae
Ipomea leaf Ipomea batata Matembele Convolvulaceae
Cassava* leaf Manihot esculenta; M. glaziovii kisamvu Euphorbiaceae
African eggplant Solanum aethiopicum nyanya chungu, ngogwe Solanaceae
Spiderflower leaf Cleome gynandra, Cleome spp. Mgagani Cleomaceae
Okra Abelmoschus spp. Bamia Malvaceae
Ethiopian mustard leaf Brassica carinata sukuma wiki Brassicaceae
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Amaranth green Amaranth spp. – “Mchicha” #1 vegetable for 83% of AIV sellers
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Nightshade green Solanum scabrum – “Mnavu”
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Ipomea leaf - Ipomea batata – “Matembele”
Sw. pt. for root
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Squash (pumpkin) leaf - Cucurbita spp. “Maboga”
Burr gherkin
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Cassava tree leaf (Manihot glaziovii) “Kisamvu”
M. esculenta for root
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Spider plant - Cleome gynandra - “Mgagani”
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Cowpea leaf - Vigna unguiculata – “Kunde”
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African eggplant – Solanum aethiopicum –
“Nyanya chungu” / “Ngogwe”
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Okra – “Abelmoschus esculentus – “Bamia”
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Ethiopian mustard – “Brassica carinata –
“Sukuma wiki”
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World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) in Arusha has
improvement and seed programs for most of
these AIVs. (Dinssa’s talk yesterday.)
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Mlenda A** - Jute mallow Corchorus spp. Mlenda Tiliaceae
Mlenda B – False sesame Ceratotheca sesamoides mlenda wa sege Pedaliaceae
Mlenda C – Wild simsim Sesamum angustifolium mlenda mwitu Pedaliaceae
Bur gherkin leaf Cucumis anguria maimbe Cucurbitaceae
Bitter lettuce Launaea cornuta mchunga Asteraceae
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Survey
4 regions
45 interviews of AIV sellers in each region
Questionnaire of 160 questions
Emphasis on post-harvest
Sellers ranged from mobile (basket on head) to sidewalk
sellers to market stall.
Plus key informant interviews of producers
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34 Sellers: 96% female
Growers: 71% female, 29% male
Sellers average daily: $10.12 (Tzs 16,600)
% with cell phones: 62%
Avg. daily wt. of AIV:
Rainy, dry season 13.7, 10.7 kg
% AIV vs. non-AIV 69% AIV
Main non-AIVs: Chinese cabbage, Sw. chard,
head cabbage
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Sell: 12 months/yr, 7 days/wk
AIV price change
since 2008: +50.5%
Price fluctuation in year: 3.5%
(bundle size changes,
instead of price per bundle)
Sellers buy 3 bundles for Tzs 100 and sell 2 for same
price (33% markup)
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Average seller of AIVs (composite, per day):
6.1 kg amaranth
3.7 kg nightshade
2.6 kg squash leaf
2.3 kg Ipomea leaf
1.6 kg cassava leaf
1.3 kg cowpea leaf
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37 Amaranth. (115 out of 154)†:
Average weight per day (estimate by seller) Average weight of 3 bundles (weighed on scale) Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
7.3 kg 227 g 135 Tsh 667 Tsh ($0.42)
Nightshade. (71 out of 154): Average weight per day Average weight of 3 bundles Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
8.1 kg 381 g 215 Tsh 801 Tsh ($0.50)
Squash leaf (63 out of 154) Average weight per day Average weight of 3 bundles Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
6.3 kg 325.6 g 160.0 Tsh 561Tsh ($0.35)
Cassava leaf (41 of 154) Average weight per day Average weight of 3 bundles Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
6.1 kg 312.3 g 172.0 Tsh 640 Tsh ($0.40)
Ipomea leaf (51 of 154) Average weight per day Average weight of 3 bundles Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
6.8 218.3 130.0 675 Tsh ($0.42)
Cowpea leaf (37 of 154) Average weight per day Average weight of 3 bundles Average price of 3 bundles Price per kg
5.6 kg 353.5 g 193.1 Tsh 622 Tsh ($0.39)
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67% of sellers rent table/stall space
20% sell from plastic laid on ground
10% are mobile (basket on head)
Stall space rents for $0.11 / M2 per day
Avg is 2.6 / M2 of space
56% of all sellers sell under roofed structure
21% full shade, no roof
20% full sun
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Storage:
70% of sellers could not
answer question about
whether they wanted
refrigerated storage.
Remaining would pay $0.18 to
store 5 kg for 1 day
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At end of business day - sellers have an
average of 1.5 kg unsold (out of approx. 12kg
total at start of day (13%).
62% is stored for sale the next day.
Post-harvest losses low?
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AIV production:
Average plot size: 0.66 hectares
100% irrigated
Decreases to 0.53 ha in dry season
AIV seed source:
75% commercial seed
12% local market
12% saved
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Manure generally applied, some use some
synthetic fertilizer.
Insecticides used on some of the AIVs but most
are not sprayed. Non-AIV vegetables sprayed
much more often.
Average # of days from last pesticide application
to harvest: 10.9 (grower estimate)
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Herbicides rarely used. Labor for weeding
cheap at $2-3 per person day
Only 11% of growers had heard of certified
organic production.
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Many growers sell vegetables by the bed (40-60
kg) to middlemen.
When supply limited, can sell for Tsh100,000
($62.50) per bed.
When supply high, as low as Tsh10,000 ($6.25)
per bed (common).
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No co-operative marketing system, nor any cell
phone based system as in Kenya.
Only informal network via cell phone.
Cell phones have potential for more systematic
market information system.
Computer use very low – below 1%.
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Packaging for transport:
nylon reinforced plastic
bags.
1M x 1.5M
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Post- harvest:
Harvest done in afternoon.
Culling and grading done by 31% of growers.
Post-harvest washing
55% No washing
24% Tap water
14% Stream water, not drinkable
6% Stream water, drinkable
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Storage overnight for transport to market very
early the next morning.
Average distance to market: 11.5 km, taking 1.5
hours
50% in passenger van (daladala)
29% hired truck
13% bicycle
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Survey of African Indigenous
Vegetable (AIV) Production and
Marketing Tanzania
Don Lotter, Ph.D.
St. John’s University of Tanzania
+255 713 399 567
Thanks: Horticulture CRSP /
Prof. Steve Weller, Purdue University
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PDF at
www.sjutlotter.
blogspot.com