War of 1812War of 1812Ch. 6, Sect. 4Ch. 6, Sect. 4
OBJECTIVES:•Identify the causes of the war of 1812
•Describe its Long-term effects
Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-1808Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-18081804: Jefferson wins Electoral College, 162 to 14
1805: France and Britain at it again!
1806: English attempt to blockade the French◦ American merchants caught in middle!
1807: USS Chesapeake attacked 10 miles off VA by GB
1808-1811: 6,000 Americans impressed by G.B.
Will it mean war?
Chesapeake Encounter with the LeopardA painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens. Americans were humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)
Chesapeake Encounter with the LeopardChesapeake Encounter with the Leopard
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsThe impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)
Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsManning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Jefferson’s EmbargoJefferson’s Embargo SITUATION: Chesapeake was attacked, we need to respond
PROBLEM: Jefferson has a weak army, no navy. WHY???
SOLUTION: Embargo Act of 1807
RESULT: America economically devastated – WHY????◦ Embargo was repealed in 1809!
Republicans’ popularity plummets, Federalists are revived.
Still no Navy!!!
Western War Hawks 1811: Twelfth Congress moves
toward war
Henry Clay of Kentucky & John Calhoun
◦ “Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights” ◦ “On to Canada”
War Hawks see British support for Indian threat on Frontier
William Henry Harrison persuades native chiefs in Indiana to cede 3 million acres – angers other tribes
Henry Clay – Speaker of the House
Tecumseh and the Tecumseh and the ProphetProphet
Tecumseh creates a Pan-Indian allianceRevitalize Indian culture and waysRefuse to recognize land deals
Gen. Harrison kills Tecumseh’s brother at Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811Form an alliance with British in War of 1812
Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames, 1813Indian alliance collapses without Tecumseh
War of War of 18121812
A Bad Idea, Poorly Executed
James Madison 1809-1817
War Hawks really push for war, get the vote
IRONY: Orders of Council repealed 2 days earlier!
America has no army, no navy
New England (maritime states) oppose the war
British and Canadians are ready to fight◦ Americans have no strategy for
Canada
1813 American invasions of Canada fail
Oliver Hazard Perry has some success on Lake Erie
British forced to withdraw from Detroit, leading to Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813
Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812
Major Campaigns of the War of 1812The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops
Washington DC is burned August 1814!!
•Battle of Baltimore
•Sept. 1814
•“Star Spangled Banner”
•Francis Scott Key
•VIDEO
Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson fights Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war
• Andrew Jackson's 5,600 troops—defeat 8,000 better-trained British troops in January of 1815,
• 2K British lost in 30 min, Americans lose 70+!!
• Totally pointless……..• WHY??• January 1815
•***The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West and on the frontier.
Treaty of Ghent, 1814Treaty of Ghent, 1814 Armistice signed Christmas
Eve 1814.
English think they are winning the war, but news of Battles in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure GB to come to terms.
MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning the war.
TRUTH: More like a draw.
Both sides didn’t realize who had the upper hand!
AfterAfter the Treaty of Ghent the Treaty of Ghent
1815 – Commercial treaty re-opens trade with G.B. and U.S.
1817- Rush-Bagot agreement, limits warships in the Great Lakes
1818-sets boundary of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel.
Joint occupation of Oregon Territory
War of 1812 - The ScorecardWar of 1812 - The Scorecard 6,000 Americans killed or wounded
New respect for America abroad
Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct
U.S. is now has a NATIONAL IDENTY
Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison heroes
Revives antagonism with Britain
Establishes a border with Canada, wary peace
Oregon Territory shared by Britain and U.S.
War of 1812
War breaks out b/w France and Britain
Orders in Council
Impressment -USS Chesapeake
Embargo of 1807
War Hawks
War of 1812