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THE ENVIRONMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
Scale/Effect CO VOC NOx CO2 Lead Other toxic airpollutants
LOCAL High concentrations of Toxic pollutants Urban ozone (smog)
REGIONAL Ozone concentrations
Acid Deposition
GLOBAL Climate change Accumulation of persistentpollutants
Major contributor Contributor
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• Motor vehicle emissions are major contributors to health risks and environmental damage at the local, regional and global levels
• The rapid growth in vehicle use expected over the next few decades will impair current efforts to control emissions of conventional pollutants while substantially increasing highway emissions of greenhouse gases.
Key observations from an OECD study
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010
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• Long-term solutions to environmental problems such as tropospheric ozone concentrations and CO2 emissions will require substantial reductions in fossil fuel use through a combination of fuel efficiency improvements, substitution of new, cleaner fuels and moderate, controlled levels of annual traffic growth.
Key observations from an OECD study
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010
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• An integrated approach to transport, energy and environmental issues will become increasingly essential to an emissions control policy capable of achieving long term goals.
Key observations from an OECD study
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010
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Transport sector contribution to atmospheric emissions
OECD Europe and North America, 1986
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CO VOC NOx CO2
Other Sectors
Fuel Use for PowerGeneration
Residential /Commerce
Industry
Transport
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Share of annual U.S. cancer cases related to air pollution
Industry25%
Motor Vehicles
56%Product
Use19%
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Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants
Acetaldehyde1%
Formaldehyde 4%
Benzene10%
Gasoline Particulate
13%
Diesel Particulate
15%
1,3-Butadiene57%
Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants
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Urban air quality and motor vehicle emissions research at
Carleton University
• the measurement and characterization PM and VOCs in urban micro-environments
• the measurement and characterization of motor vehicle emissions
• the use and development of emission receptor and dispersion models to arrive at quantitative relations between emissions and urban air quality.
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Collaborative Research
• Environment Canada’s Environmental Technology Centre (ETC) in Ottawa: well equipped laboratories, state of the art research capability.
• Researchers in Environmental Engineering at Carleton University are collaborating with the Emissions Research and Measurement Division at ETC in applying experimental and modelling techniques in each of these areas.
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DISTANCE / SPEED
LOAD (force)
Critical Flow Venturi
Dilution Air
Dilution Air Filter
Particulate Sampling
Particulate Pump
Unregulated Emissions Sample
Regulated Emissions Sample
Dilute Exhaust
Filter Box
Heated NOxHeated Fid (NDIR)
Carbon Monoxide
(NDIR)
Carbon DioxideNitrogen OxidesTotal Hydrocarbon
Analyzer Bench
Concentrations
Temperature, Abs. Pressure
grams/mileCO CO2NOx HC
Vehicle Exhaust
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE TESTING
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Vehicle Emission Testing
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Ambient air quality monitoring in urban micro-environments such as sidewalks, bus stations,
parking garages, under different climate conditions
- Slater Street, Ottawa
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• Ambient sampling stations constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds
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• Oznur Oguz, a visiting researcher from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, taking measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa
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• Measuring concentration of VOC and carbonyl compound pollutant levels inside vehicles
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Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modelling to determine contribution of different sources to measured pollutant concentrations
Source 1xi1 i=1,n
Source 2xi2 i=1,n
Source 3xi3 i=1,n
Receptoryi i=1,n
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