Download - 10MP CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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10 MALAYSIA PLAN (10MP) CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS
Name of Programme: Agricultural Diversification Programme (ADP)
Section 1 – Background
1 Current Status
1.1 Vegetables
Vegetables are parts of herbaceous plants which form important component of
our daily diet that contributes to our well being. These vegetables supply rich in
protein, fibres, minerals like iron and calcium to our body. They also give us
phytonutrients like carotenoids, vitamins and folic acid. Consumption of fresh
vegetables can help to prevent numerous diseases such as heart disease and
stroke, high blood pressure, cancer, cataract and vision loss.
Currently Sarawak is a net importer of vegetables as our local production does
not meet our State‟s requirement. Sarawak is producing about 20,663.8 metric
ton of leafy vegetables and 22,626.2 metric ton of fruits vegetables annually
(Agriculture Statistics of Sarawak 2009), as against our state‟s requirement of
about 80,000 metric ton. This means that we are only about 50 percent self-
sufficient. By the year 2015, it is expected that the state will achieve 60 percent
self-sufficiency level in fresh vegetables.
In Sarawak, over 40 types of vegetables are planted, comprising leafy
vegetables, fruit vegetables and root vegetables. The main vegetable growing
areas are in the Districts of Kuching, Siburan, Asajaya, Serian, Sarikei, Sibu, Miri,
Bintulu and Limbang. An estimated 962 ha are planted yearly with vegetables.
Sarawak also possesses a range of unique indigenous vegetables, such as
„Terung Mas‟ and miding that can be marketed as niche products locally and
overseas.
The common practices of vegetables growing in the state are characterized by
scattered smallholders using traditional farming methods which result in low
production, unstable supply and doubtful quality and safety. Most vegetable
farms are small, usually less than 0.5 ha in size, except for few entrepreneur
farmers in the periurban areas who planted between 2 and 10 ha of vegetables
under net house.
In 2009, the State importation of vegetables was valued at RM164,159,791 while
its export value was only RM 2,003,258. The main imports are onion, shallot,
fresh & chilled vegetables, dried chili, mushroom, carrot and potato.
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1.2 Field Crops
An estimated 2,500 ha are planted yearly with field crops, mostly under maize
(including sweet corn, baby corn, and grain corn) and tapioca. Other field crops
include taro, sweet potato, tapioca, ground nut and sugar cane. Maize planting
is mainly for sweet corn and baby corn.
Field crops are generally planted as an off-season crop in wet paddy areas or as
an intercrop in hill paddy farms. Production is smallholder-based and targeted
at the local fresh markets.
Tapioca sweet type and taro are for food processing.
The single major import of field crops is potato which in 2009 amounted to
7,807 metric ton with a value of RM22,138,709. This is followed by groundnut
and its products (RM6,631,339), and sweet corn (RM2,409,922).
1.3 Perennial Crops
Perennial crops consist of coffee, sugarcane, roselle, etc. The estimated area
planted under coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 216 hectares and 269 hectares
respectively. The estimated production of coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 38
and 3,982 metric tons.
The main coffee growing areas are Simunjan (76.5 ha) and Marudi (67.4 ha)
districts, Kuching district is the main growing area for sugar cane (138.9 ha).
There was no record on the area planted with roselle.
The import of coffee beans and products in the year 2009 was 4,175.12 metric
tons (RM50,907,200) while the export figure was 6.08 metric tons (RM85,322).
1.4 Herbs and Spices
Herbs are all the useful plants that can be used or manipulated for health care,
culinary, flavoring, fragrances and cosmetic purposes. There is a keen interest
world-wide in herbal products. Currently kacangma has been marketed as a
herbal drink.
In 2009, the estimated area grown under ginger was 304 hectares and the
production in metric tons was 2,570. The area for clove was 9 hectares and the
production was 7 metric tons. Other herbs and spices include serai, kacangma,
bunga kantan, misai kucing etc.
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The import of spices in 2009 was 4,298.67 metric tons valued at RM20,956,708,
and export figure was 19.01 metric tons (RM74,269).
2. Policy Objectives
2.1 Development goals of DOA
(i) To increase and sustain the contribution of the food production
sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state of
Sarawak.
(ii) To develop the food production industry into one that can
generate good incomes for the primary producers, processors and
businesses that are involved in the industry.
(iii) To promote food safety and sustainable development principles
in the pursuit of economic growth for the food production and
agriculture sector.
2.2 The objectives of the Agricultural Diversification Programmes under
10MP are specified by the respective programme components.
2.2.1 Vegetables Planting Project
(i) To promote the commercial production of high quality and
pesticide-safe vegetables to meet demand from both the
domestic and export markets and to reduce the import of
vegetables.
(ii) To promote and implement the Enclosed (Controlled
Environment) production system for growing selected high value
vegetables for import substitution.
(iii) To produce selected quality indigenous vegetables which have the
potential for export-market
(iv) To encourage more farms to practice GAP and be certified under
SALM and SOM.
(v) To support the production of quality and pesticide safe
vegetables for home consumption in the rural areas
(vi) To promote the development for downstream processing such as
terung mas.
2.2.2 Field Crop Planting Project
(i) To promote the commercial production of field crops to meet the
demand by the local market
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(ii) To promote the commercial production of field crops that has
the potential for value-added processing for the export market or
the local livestock feed industry.
(iii) To encourage the involvement of the private sector in field crop
production, processing and marketing.
(iv) To support the production of field crops for home consumption
by smallholders in the rural areas.
2.2.3 Perennial Planting Project (PPP)
The main objective of PPP is to encourage commercial planting of
perennial food crops such as coffee, sugar cane, roselle etc as a source
of cash income for the small holder farmers.
2.2.4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project
To promote the planting of herbs and spices used in the production of
traditional remedies and health supplements. It is encouraged as short
term cash crop intercropping in orchards, rubber and coconut holdings
as well as pure stand cropping. This will ensure adequate supply of raw
materials for the herb industry.
2.2.5 Support Services Programme
The purpose is to strengthen the essential services and activities that
support the programme (projects) implementation.
3 Broad/Strategic Objectives of DOA in 10MP
(i) To support the food production industry in increasing local food
production and reducing the food trade deficit
(ii) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the smallholder sector as a
means of commercializing smallholder agriculture
(iii) To increase rural farm incomes to a level at least above the poverty line
(iv) To support the sustained growth of the agriculture sector for increased
economic growth
(v) To facilitate the participation of private sector in agriculture production
(vi) To develop skilled and knowledgeable human resource within the
agriculture sector
(vii) To promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources
for agriculture production, and
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(viii) To promote the adoption of quality assurance systems in agriculture
production
Section II – Programme Components
1. Purpose
Purpose of ADP Programme are as follow:
(i) To diversify the economic base of the farm families and to maximize
income from agriculture through efficient utilization of resources.
(ii) To assist small holder farmers in establishing their farming enterprise
(iii) To reduce the food trade deficit
(iv) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the small holder sector as a
mean of commercializing small holder agriculture
(v) To promote recommended and appropriate technologies in food
production
2. Programme Components
2.1 Programme Components
In 10MP the ADP is classified into nine components, vis-a-vis Nethouse
Production System, Organic Vegetables (SOM), Open System (VCS/SALM
participants), Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants), Open System
(Indigenous vegetables), Field Crops Planting Projects, Perennials Planting
Projects, Herbs and Spices Planting Projects and Support Services. The detailed
classifications are as follow:
2.1.1 Nethouse Production System
(i) This system entails vegetable growing under nethouse structures
(ii) The scheme participant will gradually be accredited under the
DOA VCS programme, which later might lead to SALM
accreditation once the participant had been exposed and trained
on GAP practices.
(iii) Priority will be given to existing SALM / VCS participants
(iv) Reduced usage of pesticides will result in the production of
pesticides-safe vegetables.
2.1.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System
(i) Grown under rain shelter (plastic roofing) environment
(ii) It is suitable for all weather production
(iii) Vegetables produced are pesticides-safe
(iv) Vegetables produced are of high quality
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(v) Able to produce selected high value vegetables for import
substitution.
2.1.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)
(i) It is an environment-friendly production system
(ii) Organic farm is certified under SOM
(iii) Vegetables produced are free from chemical (pesticides, inorganic
fertiliser) usage
(iv) Vegetables produced are especially aimed at niche market and
health conscious consumers.
2.1.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participants)
(i) This system entails vegetable growing in open fields
(ii) It is an environmental friendly system and the produces are
pesticide-safe
(iii) This system can increase production by practicing GAP
2.1.5 Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants)
(i) The scheme is to support the production of vegetables for home
consumption as well as access for sale in the rural areas.
(ii) This is a traditional system but practising proper agronomic
practices like fertilizer application and judicious use of pesticides
(iii) This system can contribute towards increased vegetables
production
(iv) This is especially suitable to cater for rural and small-scale
farmers.
2.1.6 Open System (Indigenous vegetables)
(i) This system can take advantage of the uniqueness of certain
indigenous vegetables which have overseas market potential such
as terung mas, miding, timun dayak, etc.
(ii) The production of indigenous vegetables can cater for niche
markets both locally and overseas.
(iii) Produce such as terung mas has great potential for branding as
Sarawak niche product and it has an attractive fruit vegetable and
is of high value.
(iv) Potential for down-stream processing eg. terung in syrup, terung
pickle
2.1.7 Field Crop Planting Project
(i) It is a short term cash crop that includes sweet corn, baby corn,
grain corn, sweet potatoes, taro, tapioca, groundnut etc.
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(ii) For maize and baby corn, it is an off-season crop.
(iii) Crops such as tapioca, taro and sweet potato are raw materials for
the food cottage industry.
2.1.8 Perennial Crop Planting Projects
(i) Includes the planting of coffee, sugar cane, rosselle etc
(ii) This can cater for the needs of the local market
(iii) It can increase small holder income such as in the sale of fresh
cane juice
2.1.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and
Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting
(i) The selected herbs included ginger, kacangma, misai kucing,
bunga kantan, lemon grass and other herbal plants.
2.1.10 Support Services
The proposed budget for support services programme is around 10% of
the 10MP ADP ceiling, and will be utilized to fund the following activities.
(1) Extension and Technology Promotion
The training and visit (T&V) system is to be adopted in this
program. Fund will be used for:
(a) Upgrading the knowledge and skills of both the staff and
farmers. They need to be exposed to current knowledge and
technologies via training courses, seminars, conferences and
study tours.
(b) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication
materials and equipment required for the transfer of
technologies to the target groups by the extension agents.
(2) Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots
This is an essential activity to assess the in-situ effectiveness and
adoption of the new technology under the actual farmer‟s
managed condition. The R&D works cover mainly farm
productions and to some extent, post-harvest handling and value
adding processing.
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(3) Promotion of New Products
Fund is used for the following activities:
(a) R&D and promoting the use of machinery and equipment in
the farm
(b) For promoting new products in the markets as well as
establishing its market information system
(c) R&D in the products development (new or value-added
products)
(4) Quality Assurance Activity
Fund is used for the following activities:
(a) Purchase of farm produce for laboratory analysis
(b) Handling and transportation of samples
(c) Laboratory consumables
(5) Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.
Funds will be utilized for the implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of the projects.
3. Target Group
The target groups are:
(i) smallholders
(ii) entrepreneurs
(iii) Schools (projects for student) and
(iv) private investors,
Owners of the successful existing ADP projects (own planting or assisted
under governments grant, subsidies etc) shall be given higher priority in
selecting the scheme participant, should they wish to expand their
enterprises.
4. Eligibility / Selection Criteria
The eligibility / selection criteria for ADP projects are as stipulated below
and they are the same for all the programme components:
4.1 An applicant must be Malaysian citizen domiciled in Sarawak,
between the age of 18 to 65 years.
4.2 An applicant must be a full time farmer who owns
titled/NCR/rented lands. For Land under NCR, the application
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must be endorsed by Superintendent of Land and Survey
Department OR a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung; and if the
applicant is a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung, the application must
be countersigned by a Penghulu.
4.3 An applicant is preferably a member of the nearest PPK /
participants of Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM)
4.4 Nethouse project – priority should be given to those interested
farmers who had not received any nethouse project assistance
before, and those who are in the category of below poverty line.
Other category of farmers will be assisted with half of the total
allocation (RM 84,000 per hectare).
4.5 Have access to suitable land of adequate size
4.6 An applicant must have sufficient labour to carry out the farm
activities
4.7 Have some experience in the projects applied
4.8 They must be able to find their own market outlet for their
produce
4.9 Willing to top up the financial assistance given by the
Governments
4.10 The project participants are required to follow the Departmental
instructions and guidance.
5. Project Value
The value of assistance is determined by the different components of the
programme, the details are as illustrated below:
5.1 Net-house Production System
Farm size : Minimum - 0.1 ha per participant
Maximum - 0.2 ha per participant
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Table 5.1 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Net-house Production System
No Items 0.1 ha
(RM)
1 Concrete Post / Belian Post 5,700
2 Nettings 3,000
3 Irrigation 3,500
4 Machinery (e.g. mini rotovator,
farm tools) 1,500
5 Planting Materials 800
6 Fertilizer 2,000
7 Pest & Disease Control 300
Total 16,800
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System
Farm size : Minimum – 1 unit {6m (wide) x 30m (long) x 2.5m
(high)} per participant
Maximum – 2 units if implemented for the purpose of
model project by Research Branch.
Table 5.2 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Enclosed (Controlled
Environment) System
No Items 1 Unit (RM)
1 Rain Shelter 42,600
2 Fertigation System 15,500
3 Planting Materials 600
4 Pest & Disease Control 150
Total 58,850
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Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.2 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)
Farm size : Minimum – 1 ha (including buffer zone and compost area
per participant)
Maximum – 2 ha (including buffer zone and compost area
per participant)
Table 5.3 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Organic Vegetables (SOM)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,000
2 Composting Incentives (Composting Shed =
RM10,000 / Shredding machine = RM8,000) 18,000
3 Irrigation 7,000
4 Planting Materials (non-GMO) 1,500
5 Pest & Disease Control (bio-pesticides) 500
Total 32,000
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.3 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participant)
Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
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Table 5.4 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (existing
VCS/SALM participant)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,500
2 Irrigation 7,000
3 Planting Materials 1,500
4 Fertilizer 6,000
5 Pest & Disease Control 1,000
Total 21,000
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.4 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.5 Open System (Non-VCS/SALM participant)
Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
Table 5.5 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (Non-
VCS/SALM participant)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini
rotovator,sprayer,small farm tools) 5,000
2 Planting Materials 1,500
3 Fertilizer 6,000
4 Pest & Disease Control 1,000
Total 13,500
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.5 above only serves as
a guideline.
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Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.6 Open System (indigenous vegetables)
Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
Table 5.6 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (indigenous
vegetables)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Packaging & Post-harvest materials (vacuum-pack for
miding, etc.) 5,000
2 Machinery (e.g. farm tools) 5,000
3 Planting Materials 500
4 Fertilizer 4,000
5 Pest & Disease Control 500
Total 15,000
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.6 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.7 Field Crop Planting Project
Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
Table 5.7 – Breakdown of Entitlement for Field Crop Planting Project
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Planting materials 1,500
2 Pest & disease control 1,000
3 Fertilizer 2,000
4 Farm Implements 500
Total 5,000
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Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.8 Perennial Crop Planting Project
Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
Table 5.8 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Perennial Crop Planting
Project
No Items 1 ha (RM)* Total
(RM)* Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
1 Planting materials 900 0 0 900
2 Pest & disease control 1,000 650 650 2,300
3 Fertilizer 700 250 250 1,200
4 Farm Implements 600 0 0 600
Total 3,200 900 900 5,000
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and
Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting.
Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
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Table 5.9 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Herbs and Spices Planting
Project
No. Items 1 ha (RM)*
Total (RM) Year 1 Year 2
1 Planting materials 900 0 900
2 Pest/disease control 400 300 700
3 Fertilizer 700 500 1,200
4 Farm Implements 900 0 900
Total 2,900 800 3,700
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from
Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.10 Support Services / Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation
The value of assistance will be much depending on the services and
activities requested and the availability of fund, and the guidelines are as
follows:
5.10.1 Extension and Technology Promotion
The farmers who are attending the formal residential short
courses/ training at ATCs and in-situ training at farm/District
Office are NOT eligible for pocket money allowance. They are
ONLY provided with food and refreshment at the rate of
RM30.00 per person per night (for overnight course/training) and
RM20.00 per person per day (for day-trip course/training). In
cases where the transport is NOT provided by the Department,
the farmers are eligible to claim the transportation allowance at
the rate of RM15.00 from home to ATC/farm/District Office and
RM15.00 from ATC/farm/District Office back home.
The farmers who are going for study tour are eligible for food
allowance at the rate of RM40.00 per person per day. They are
also eligible for hotel accommodation at the rate
RM50.00/person/night in Sarawak and Sabah while as in
Semenanjung the rate is RM70.00/person/night.
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The farmers who are attending farmers‟ dialogue and seminars
are eligible to claim the transportation, food and drink allowance
at the rate of RM15.00 per person per session.
(i) Pocket Money and Lodging (hotel) for Farmers‟ Study Tour,
Farmers‟ In-situ Training, Conferences and Seminar
Types of training
Transportation
Incentives
Person/session
(RM)
Allowance
Per Person
(RM)
Food Refreshment per
person
Overnight
(RM)
Day Trip
(RM)
1. In-situ Training
at
Farm/District
- - 30.00 20.00
2. Farmers‟
Dialogue and
Seminars
- 15.00 - -
3. Formal
Training at
ATC
30.00 - 30.00 20.00
4. Farmers‟ Tour
-
Hotel Rate
in Sarawak
& Sabah
Hotel Rate in
Semenanjung
40.00 50.00 70.00
(ii) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication
materials and equipment
The fund allocated for the procurement of appropriate extension
and communication materials and equipment are based on the
actual current prices of the goods/services available in the
market.
5.9.2 Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots
The expenses would be based on the actual current prices of the
goods/services available and also the availability of fund.
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5.9.3 Promotion of New Products/Technology
Promotion of new product/technology will be carried out if the
fund is available.
5.9.3 Quality Assurance Activity
Fund is used for the transportation of farm produce for
laboratory analysis.
5.9.4 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.
Funds will be allocated for the implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of the projects.
6 Implementation Method
The detailed work process and scheduling for the planning and
implementation of ADP will follow the procedures prescribed in the DOA
Operation Manual for Crop Planting Programmes. Project approval shall
be vested with the Divisional Planning and Development Committee
(DvPDC).
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Section III – Agronomic Practices, Crop Protection and Harvesting
This section includes: site selection, land preparation, recommended varieties,
planting/transplanting, seeds rate, fertilizer application, symptom of diseases & pest,
IPM, harvesting etc for certain components in ADP programme.
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP PROTECTION
1 Vegetables
General Introduction to Vegetable Growing:
1.1 Selection of Site
An ideal site is an open area with fairly flat terrain or gently sloping land.
A fairly deep well-drained loam rich in organic matter is most suitable
for vegetable crops. Poor soils can be made fertile by adding organic
amendments (compost and manure) and lime. Humified peat soils are
also good for vegetable production.
Buffer zone under organic farming is essential.
Minimum buffer distance for different types of barriers
Barrier crops or
structures Barrier type
Elevation of organic farm
in relation to the
convention farm
Minimum
buffer distance
(m)
Crops eg. banana,
gliricidia, bamboo
10 m tall
with dense
canopy
Organic and conventional
farm are on same level
2
Organic farm on higher
ground than conventional
farm
2
Organic farm on lower
ground than conventional
farm
5
Structures eg.
concrete or zinc
wall or fence
10 m tall Organic and conventional
farm are on same level
2
Organic farm on higher
ground than conventional
farm
2
Organic farm on lower
ground than conventional
farm
5
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Pond, stream,
road, grass,
empty land
Organic and conventional
farm are on same level
10
Organic farm on higher
ground than conventional
farm
5
Organic farm on lower
ground than conventional
farm
15
1.2 Preparing Vegetable Plots
Clear all vegetation (jungle growth, trees and weeds). Tilt the soil to a
depth of about 30cm, removing all the roots. Leave the ground to
„weather‟ for about a fortnight to allow the birds to eat any insect pests.
Form beds about 1 - 1.2m wide and 15 - 30cm high. The beds should be
about 50cm apart. When preparing the beds, incorporate well
decomposed animal manure at 1-2 kg/m2 or 3-5kg of compost per
square metre. Sprinkle about 100-200gm limestone or dolomite to every
square metre of the bed. Wood ash may be used as an alternative.
1.3 Raising Seedlings
Plants may be established in beds either by direct sowing or through
nursery and transplanting.
In direct planting, seeds are sown and later thinned to the required
population. Vegetables grown by this method are generally short term
types such as beans, cai xin, kangkong and bayam.
For those crops which are transplanted, the seedlings are raised either in
nursery beds, boxes or seeding trays filled with good friable top soil and
decayed compost mixed in equal proportion. Coarse sand may be added
to heavy soil. About 50 gm CIRP or TSP may be mixed with 1 m2 bed
area. Vegetables such as chilli, brinjal, tomato and kailan may be grown
in this way.
1.4 Transplanting
Transplant the seedlings when they are 10 – 15 cm high. Discard week
seedlings. Transplanting should be done when the weather is not hot.
Water the beds an hour or two before the seedlings are planted. Place a
thin mulch of semi-decayed compost between the seedlings to conserve
soil moisture.
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1.5 Manuring
A good manure is a well composted manure. The chicken manure can be
stored under cover for its composting process. The chicken manure
provides nutrients as well as a conditioning effect on the soil. The
recommended rate is 1-2kg per square metre of the bed.
Chicken manure may be applied as a liquid fertiliser.
The addition of one part Superphosphate to eight parts of chicken
manure will improve the nutrient value and prevent loss of nitrogen. This
mixture of SSP and chicken manure is applied at 60 kg for 20 meters of
bed.
Guano is also a useful organic fertilizer. It supplies nitrogen and
phosphorus to the plants. It is used at 110 g per metre bed or soaked in
18 liters of water and watered onto the plants.
The above organic manures can be supplemented with inorganic
fertilizers to supply the nutrients to the plants.
(i) NITROGEN
This is important for leafy vegetables. For every running meter of
bed, supply either 75 g of sulphate of ammonia (SA) or 35 g of
urea.
(ii) PHOSPHORUS
This is important for seedlings and fruit vegetables. The source of
phosphorus is in the form of Superphosphate. It is applied at 75 –
105 g per metre2 bed.
(iii) POTASSIUM
Burnt earth or wood ash contains potassium. The source of
potassium is muriate of potash (MOP). It is applied at 35-75 g per
metre2 bed.
(iv) COMPOUND OR MIXED FERTILIZERS
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Formulations of 15: 15 : 15 (NPK) and 12: 12: 17: 2 + TE (NPK +
trace elements) are commonly used at 100g per metre2 bed.
1.6 Weed Control
Weed competition is very crucial in vegetable production. Hand weeding
for one to two rounds was necessary in the early stages of crop growth
to reduce weed competition and to offer optimum growing conditions
for the plants. Weeds can also be controlled by mulching with dried
paddy straw or plastic mulch cover.
1.7 Pest and Disease Control
Pests and diseases can be managed by practising integrated pest
management (IPM), which is a combination of preventive and curative
measures. The preventive measures are a priority and pesticides to be
used as the last option. The preventive measures include crop rotation,
crop fallow, proper planting density, proper soil tillage and proper farm
sanitation i.e. removal of crop residues and infested plants. The crop
residues and infested plants can be used for composting. The plant
growth should be managed properly. A healthy plant can resist pest and
disease.
2 Field Crops
2.1 SWEET CORN/ BABY CORN
2.1.1 Site selection
Sweet corn/baby corn can be grown on most soils provided the
drainage is good but usually it performs best on deep loams and silt
loams containing an abundance of organic matter and well supplied
with available nutrients. Sweet corn/baby corn can also be grown on
moderately acid soils ( as low as pH 5.0), but pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is
the most favourable. An ideal site for planting sweet corn/baby corn
is an open of flat or gently sloping land.
Continuous planting with sweet corn/baby corn is not recommended.
Crop rotation wherein sweet corn/baby corn is grown alternatively
with groundnut, soy bean, sweet potato, and other crops is very
beneficial in terms of crop production and soil management.
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2.1.2 Land preparation
Land preparation includes felling, burning and tilling, and in low-lying
land, the construction of drains to remove excess water. Land tilling
can be done either manually using hoe (cangkul) or mechanized
using a pedestrian power tiller.
A reasonably smooth and firm ploughed area provides favorable soil
condition for germination and seedling development. Too much
tillage, however, may destroy the soil structure and result in soil
compaction which should be avoided.
2.1.3 Planting
When land preparation has been completed, 2 seeds are dibbled in
each planting hole. The plants are spaced 60 cm between rows and
60 cm in the row. This spacing would require seedling rate of 10-12
kg/ha seed. Planting distance for baby corn is 45 cm x 45 cm and
about 20-25kg/ha seed is required.
2.1.4 Varietal recommendation
Sweet corn: Hybrid no.5, Masmadu and Thai Super Sweet
Baby corn: Thai Super Sweet
2.1.5 Isolation
Sweet corn should not be planted together with grain corn or
different varieties of sweet corn as this will affect the quality of
sweetness of fresh cobs.
2.1.6 Weeding
Sweet corn/baby corn does not tolerate strong weed competition. It
is important that the field be kept free from any weeds during the
first one month. Weed control can be done manually or mechanically
whereas in large plantation, it is necessary to use herbicides or the
mechanical method to control weeds.
A very good herbicide to use is Atrazine 80 WP at 5.6 kg/ha sprayed
twice, the first spray is to be applied as a pre-emergence and the
later spray at one or one and a half month after sowing.
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2.1.7 Fertilizer
It is suggested to apply fertilizer 12:12:17:2 at the rate of 600 kg/ha
prior to planting or during planting and then to be top dressed with
150 kg urea/ha at about 5-6 weeks after planting.
Organic manures such as chicken manure, cow manure and compost
at 1-2 m.t./ha can also be used as basal dressing.
2.1.8 Harvesting
For sweet corn, harvests as soon as the kernels are well-filled (65-75
days after planting). For baby corn, harvest 2-3 days after silking (45-
50 days after planting).
It is important to note that sweet corn can loses its sweetness rapidly
and should be marketed and consumed immediately after harvest.
2.1.9 Pests
2.1.9.1 Stem Borer
Larva feeds on leaves, leaf tissue or even leaf whorl and
stem causing retarded growth and poor yield.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all sweet corn/baby corn stubble or
stalk after harvesting
(ii) One month after planting and three subsequent
applications at fortnightly interval if field condition
warrants it.
2.1.9.2 Cob borer
Major attack is generally at the flowering and fruiting
periods. Larva feeds on leaves or tender cobs. It bores and
lives inside the cob, thus impairing the formation of cobs
Control:
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Difficult to control but Carbaryl (0.1 % a.i.) and Dimethoate
(0.03% a.i.) spray could be carried out where necessary.
2.1.10 Diseases
2.1.10.1 Leaf Blight
Lesion on leaves begin as light brown oval spot of 2.5cm in
size. Enlargement by coalescence of spots result in „blight‟
patches. Severely attacked leaves dried out and the sweet
corn/baby corn will die. The fungus spreads rapidly in
damp weather when gray black spores are liberated from
the lesions.
Control:
(i) Grow more resistant varieties.
(ii) Practise crop rotation and proper field sanitation
before sowing
(iii) Seed dressing with fungicides: Thiram or Captan at 12
teaspoon per 1.36 kg of seeds
2.1.10.2 Common Smut
Gall like swellings on cobs and other aerial parts. At first,
gals are silver-white but later on split to produce masses of
dark brown to black spores or smut.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all diseased materials
(ii) Seed treatment with Thiram 80% at 5g/100g seeds
2.1.10.3 Bacterial wilt
Diseased plants show dropping of top portion rapidly.
Cross-section of lower stem brown wound. Dipping cut
ends in water will excrete a slimy white sticky liquid typical
of bacterial „ooze‟.
Control:
(i) Sanitation by removing and burning of diseased
materials
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(ii) Practise crop rotation and do not to plant in the
infested soil
2.1.10.4 Rust
Mature leaves, particularly the under surfaces, are covered
with small raised blister-like pustules containing millions of
orange rust spores.
Control:
(i) Plantvax & Vitavax @ 0.01 % a.i. spray may offer some
control
(ii) Burn all sweet corn/baby corn debris after harvest.
(iii)
2.1.10.5 Sheath Blight
Initially elongated, grey lesions occur on the leaf sheaths.
These enlarge, turn lighter in colour and develop blackish-
brown margins. Brown, globose or irregular seed-like
sclerotia (1-3 mm) may develop on the parts attacked.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all affected plants parts
(ii) Practise crop rotation
(iii) Avoid mechanical injuries which provide infection sites
for the pathogen
(iv) Spray benomyl (80% a.i) 18 g in 18 litres water may
reduce the disease incidence
2.1.10.6 Bacterial Stalk Rot
Plants are attacked at the internodes which become
brown, water-soaked, soft and slimy in appearance.
Diseased stem collapse and become twisted. Rotted areas
often give off a disagreeable odour.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all plant debris after harvest (adopt
good cultural practices)
(ii) Choose well drained soil and avoid water-logging and
poor aeration
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2.2 GROUNDNUT
2.2.1 Site Selection
Although groundnut thrives best on light sandy loam soil with good
organic content, a wide range of soil types would be suitable. However,
heavy clays should be avoided as these soils impede root penetration
and pod development. It also makes harvesting difficult.
2.2.2 Land Preparation
Since groundnut is a deep-rooting plant, sufficient depth fine,
crumbled soil after ploughing is needed for growth. Well-prepared
land is especially flavourable to the growth of this crop especially for
its root penetration and pod development.
In low-lying and flat areas, an efficient drainage system is necessary. It
is advisable to construct ridges in areas liable to flood.
2.2.3 Fertilizers
For every hectare of cultivated land, 1-2 metric tons of ground
limestone is applied 3 weeks prior to planting. In addition, a fertilizer
combination of 170 kg sulphate of ammonia and 90 kg of triple
superphosphate or 300 g/ha 15:15:15 is recommended for every
hectare of groundnut planted on soils of average fertility. Fertilizers are
applied during or after planting.
2.2.4 Planting
Seeds are planted to a depth of 2 cm, 2-3 weeks after liming. The
planting distance is at 45 cm x 15 cm interval. This would require a
total of 135-150 kg seeds per hectare.
2.2.5 Weed Control
Spraying of pre-emergent herbicide, Lasso at 4.2 litres/ha before or just
after sowing of the seed is recommended. Manual weeding, in lieu of
the emergent chemical can be carried out two to four weeks after
planting. Weeding after 6 weeks can be detrimental to the crop.
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2.2.6 Harvesting
The crop is ready for harvesting 100 to 110 days after sowing, by then,
the beans are fully matured. For boiled nut-in-the shell, earlier
harvesting, e.g. after 95 days, is recommended.
2.2.7 Storage
Groundnuts used for seeds must be fully matured and dried to 12%
moisture in the shell and stored in dry and cool place in airtight
containers.
2.2.8 Pests
(i) Pod Borer
The larvae bore and tunnel in the young pods
Control: Spray with diazinon (@ 0.1 a.i) or chlorpyrifos (2% a.i.)
(ii) Caterpillar
Generally, the leaves are eaten although the young stems may
also be damaged.
Control: Spray with pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin @ 0.01 %
a.i.) if necessary.
(iii) Aphid
They suck sap from the flowers, pods and shoots. Damage to the
young shoots result in curled leaves and stunted growth of plants.
Control: Spray with white oil, dimethoate or malathion if
necessary.
2.2.9 Diseases
1. Cercospora Leaf Spot
Cercospora lesions are easily detected on leaves. The appearance
of minute, pale yellow spots on the upper surfaces of older leaves
indicate the early stage of Cercospora infection. These spots later
develop into circular or irregular lesions. The lesion is reddish
brown in color and may have a narrow yellow halo. Dark
elongated lesions with indistinct margin also occur on petioles,
stems and pegs. Wet weather condition favors the growth and
sporulation of the fungi.
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Control:
(i) The following fungicides can be used for spraying:
Benomyl (50% a.i) at 18 g in 18 litres water, at 2-3 week
intervals.
Mancozeb (80% a.i) at 30-45 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day
intervals.
Daconil (50% a.i) at 36 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day
intervals.
(ii) Remove crop residues and volunteer plants
(iii) Practise crop rotation with non-host crop
2. Leaf Rust
Severe leaf defoliation and the death of many groundnut plants,
is manifested by circular lesions on the leaves. The lesions are
surrounded by dull green or light brown leaf tissues.
On the under-surface of these leaves, orange-red pustules are
visible. The pustules will eventually turn dark brown and infection
sites may become coalesced. Normally the leaf tissues around the
infection sites die and dry out in irregular patches. Severely
infected leaflets curl and drop off.
Control
Spray benomyl (Benlate) 0.02-0.04 a.i and alternate with
copper oxychloride 0.1 to check the disease.
Spray with Oxycarboxin (Plantvax) .5% a.i + chlorothalonil
(Daconil) 1% a.i or carboxin (vitavax) 0.05% a.i + chloro
thalonil (daconil) 0.1% a.i
3. Stem Rot
White fungal threads are seen over affected plant tissues.
Normally only a light web of the fungus is seen on the affected
parts of the stem or just below soil level. Under very humid
conditions the fungus grows very fast and often the fungal mat
spreads over the adjacent soil and may then infect other plants.
Diseased areas on the stem, petioles and leaves of the affected
plant turn dark brown and small round bodies, about the size of a
mustard seed, are produced on the surface. The small round
bodies, known as sclerotia, are initially white in color, however,
they turn dark brown and shiny with increased length of time.
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Control:
Control weeds and volunteer groundnut plants
Use PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) as preplanting, soi
incorporated treatment
Apply gypsum at the time of peak flowering
Practise proper sanitation by removing crop residues and
fallen leaves
4. Bacterial Wilt
Infected plants appear unhealthy, chlorotic and wilt under water
stress. The xylem tissue in the stem turns dark brown. If the stem
is cut across at soil level, a grey slimy liquid can be pressed out of
the vascular bundles.
Control:
Long crop rotation with non-host crop is important
Sterilize the infested soil before planting.
Remove and destroy infected plants and other Solanum sp.
2.3 SWEET POTATO
2.3.1 Site selection
Sweet potatoes tolerate wide range of soils, although a sandy loam is
preferred. Heavier soils may be used but should be well tilled and
ridged to provide good drainage. Planting on beds or ridges also makes
harvesting much easier.
In general sweet potato should not be grown on land that has
produced a root crop the previous season. However, continuous
planting is possible if there is no serious disease, insect and nematode
attack.
2.3.2 Land preparation
The land must be plough and turned over. Generally, one ploughing
and turning over is sufficient. Planting bed of 60 cm wide and 30 cm
high is prepared.
2.3.3 Recommended variety
Gendut & Cina variety – For fresh consumption
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Unggu variety – For making kerepek
2.3.4 Planting materials
Sweet potato can be propagated in two ways: by its tuber and its
cuttings. Cuttings are cheaper and easier. To obtain planting materials
of about the same age, propagation period required is 50-60 days.
Then the stems are cut at 20-30 cm for field planting.
2.3.5 Field Planting
The cuttings are planted at an angle (slanting), with about 20 cm of the
cutting under the soil and 10 cm above the soil surface. Planting
distance recommended is 1.0m x 0.3m. If the weather is very hot and
dry, water the newly planted cuttings once a day. The creeping plants
should be collected and placed onto the beds at monthly interval to
avoid the roots from growing from the nodes along the stems. If this is
allowed, small tubers will be produced at the main stem.
2.3.6 Weed control
Weeds control is important for vigorous crop growth. Since pre-
emergent weedicide does not endanger the newly planted cuttings, it is
advisable to carry out this praying before planting.
2.3.7 Manuring
Liming at the rate 1.0 mt/ha is necessary 3 weeks before planting.
Initial top dressing at the rate of 600 kg of 15:15:15 per hectare is
applied one week after planting. This is followed b the subsequent top
dressing at one month later at the same rate.
The fertilizer is applied around each plant. Additional fertilizer at a
reasonable rate is applied if the growth is not encouraging. An
imbalanced manuring can cause the plant to produce more leaves and
less tubers.
2.3.8 Harvesting
Sweet potatoes can be harvested at 4 months after planting.
2.3.9 Disease
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The Elsinoe batatas causes scab disease. The recommended control is
by planting a more resistant variety if any, and to spray fungicide
(Benlate - @ 200 g/100 litre water), Copper oxychloride & Maneb).
2.3.10 Pest
Sweet potato beetle (Cylas formicarius) is the most dangerous pest
causing serious damages to sweet potato plant, which attacks all parts
of the plant: tubers or roots, stems and leaves. The recommended
control is crop rotation, use pest-free planting material; planting
material should be treated before every cropping and to harvest timely
upon maturity.
2.4 TAPIOCA
Recommended Varieties
Sawah variety – Fresh consumption
Putih variety – Tapioca chips
Site Selection
The suitable soil for tapioca planting is a light, sandy loam soil of medium
fertility. Good drainage is also important. On clay or poorly drained soils, root
growth is poor, so that tuber-to-shoot ratio is considerably decreased.
Moreover, the poor soil aeration under such conditions causes the few tubers
formed to rot readily. Gravelly or stony soils tend to hinder root penetration
and are therefore unsuitable. Saline soils are also unsuitable. Tapioca can grow
and yield reasonably well on soils of low fertility where production of most
other crops would be uneconomical. Under condition of very high fertility,
tapioca tends to produce excessive vegetation at the expense of tuber
formation.
Land Preparation
One round of disc ploughing, followed by one round of harrowing or rototilling
is generally adequate. Planting beds of 60 cm wide and 20 cm high is prepared.
This will facilitate weed and water flow control.
Planting material
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Cutting should be taken from mature stem portions, preferably from plants at
least 6 - 8 months old, free from pests and diseases and the cuttings should be
taken from the middle of the stem. If possible, cuttings should be collected
from plants which have received sufficient fertilizers in the previous season.
Planting/Transplanting
Stem cuttings, 30 cm long are planted in a slant position at an angle of 40o –
45o, burying half their length and the buds facing upwards. Planting holes are
spaced at 1 m X 1 m. The planting rate is 10,000 cuttings per hectare.
Fertilizer Application
As a general guidance tapioca requires 450 – 1,000 kg/ha of a 12:12:17:2
complete fertilizer. The fertilizer is applied at planting and the second
application is two months after planting. Spot placement of fertilizer within or
just beside the planting hole is effective.
Harvesting
The exact time, in terms of months after planting, when it is best to harvest
tapioca depends very much on the variety. Some varieties, particularly the
sweet types, are ready for harvesting in about 9 – 12 months. Sawah variety
requires 10 months before it is ready for harvesting. Meanwhile Putih variety is
best harvested for making tapioca chips or kerepek at 9 – 10 months after
planting. Yields vary greatly according to the variety, soil, climate, age at
harvesting, etc.
2.5 SUGARCANE
Recommended Variety
Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )
Site Selection
Sugarcane grows on a wide variety of soil types but does well on sandy loam. In
the absence of irrigation, a well distributed rainfall of 125 – 200 cm per annum
is ideal. Three to five months dry season with less than 5 cm per month
facilitates ripening and efficient preparatory tillage work. A well marked dry
season favours ratooning.
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Land Preparation
Optimum tillage is essential for good germination of sugarcane setts and
subsequently for satisfactory growth of the crop.
When a piece of land is designated for sugarcane cultivation, it is necessary to
clear forest and undergrowth and to remove the stumps and timber before
proceeding to actual land preparation. Land preparation is carried out during
transitional period between wet and dry months with appropriate scheduling
for planting. Land is prepared by various combinations of ploughing, harrowing
and rotortilling, depending on the condition of the land.
Normally, land preparation starts with two rounds of ploughing to expose the
top soil and to break up the large clods. The frequency and the depth of
ploughing vary according to the soil conditions. For lighter soil, it is necessary to
plough to a depth of 10 – 20 cm, while a minimum of 30 cm is desired for a
heavier soil. For juice cane production, the land is ploughed once to a depth of
20 – 25 cm.
Planting material
Use disease free planting material from immature canes 5 – 7 months old. The
canes should be cut into small setts each containing 3 – 4 buds. The upper,
immature part of the cane can also be used for planting. Cover canes for
planting lightly with small trash for a few days before planting. This practice
improves germination.
Planting/Transplanting
Insert setts in the soil to a depth of 15 – 20 cm leaving about 5 – 10 cm above
the soil. Press the soil firmly. The planting distant is 1 m X 2 m. Such an
arrangement should accommodate 5,000 points per hectare.
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Fertilizer Application
Fertilizer application for first crop and ratoon
Type of
fertilizer
Rate of
fertilizer
Method of
application
Time of
application
Sulphate of
Amonia
(1) 650 kg/ha
(2) 650 kg/ha
Fertilizer mix with
top soil and placed in
the planting hole.
Broadcasting around
the plant.
Basal dressing
2 months after
planting
Sulphate of
Amonia
(3) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around
the plant.
10 months after
first harvesting.
Sulphate of
Amonia
Nitrophoska
green
(4) 650 kg/ha
Broadcasting around
the plant.
10 months after
second
harvesting.
2.6 TARO
Recommended variety
Thailand variety
Climate and Soil Requirement
he plant grows well in warm and moist soil deep, friable loams rich in organic
matter with high water table having pH 5.5 to 7.8. The ability of the plant to
transport oxygen from the leaves to the roots make the plant adaptable to
water-logged soils. So, the plant can be planted both on dry-land and wet land.
Planting Material
Suckers are used as planting material. The suckers with about 20 – 30 cm of
petioles are planted on prepared ridges or beds. The leaves had to be cut
before planting to the field.
Field Preparation
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Selected sites are cleared of vegetation by means of herbicides or slash-and-
burn. Either beds or ridges are prepared for the planting.
Planting and Spacing
The suckers are planted to the prepared beds by first digging small holes of 5 –
7 cm deep each then putting in the suckers and covering them with soil. The
rows may be 90 – 120 cm apart with between plants spacing of 30 – 45 cm on
raised beds.
Manuring
Taro responds well to fertilization. Fertilizers at 30 g of 15:15:15 are applied per
point during planting and another 30 g at 3 – 4 months later. Weeding up to 3
months is necessary. Irrigation and some fertilizing are necessary to enhance
yield.
Harvesting
Taro can be harvested 8 – 12 months after planting depending on variety. For
“Thailand” variety it can be harvested 9 – 12 months after planting. As mature
corms or cormels are fully formed, they may be harvested either by pulling or
digging up with the hoe. The leaves may be removed by cutting and then the
corms and cormels may be selected.
3.0 Herbs and Spices - AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
3.1 MISAI KUCING (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)
Misai Kucing or Java Tea originated from South Asia such as Thailand,
Indonesia, Phillipines including the Malay archipelagos, Malaysia. It had
been used in traditional medicine to cure urinary bladder stone, kidney
problems, gall bladder, rheumatism, diabetes and fever. Misai Kucing
had been identified as the potential commercial herb because of its
medicinal value and easy to plant.
Climate and soils suitability
Misai Kucing is suitable for planting in wide range of soils including
sandy and alluvial soils. It requires average monthly rainfall of 180-200
cm. Irrigation would be necessary during drier season. It can stands
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waterlogged condition within 24 hours. It needs moist soil for vigorous
vegetative growth.
Land Preparation
The planting area should be rotovated one month before planting to get
rid of weeds. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is
applied during first rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The
rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for
Misai Kucing are between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Planting materials are prepared by stem cuttings. The stem cuttings start
to root, two weeks after planting in the polybags. Rooted cuttings could
be transplanted to the field at the age of 4-5 weeks in the nursery.
Spacing
Recommended spacing is 1.5m between rows and 0.45m within row and
planting density of 14,800/ha.
Fertiliser application
Sandy Soils
Basal dressing of 10 tonne dried chicken dung broadcast and mixed to
the soil three days before field planting and 6 months later.
Alternatively organic based fertilizer N:P:K at the ratio of 10:10:10 could
be applied at the rate of 1,000kg/ha every six months interval.
Alluvial Soils
The same for sandy soils but at reduced rate of 5 tonne/ha and organic
based fertiliser at the rate of 500kg/ha.
Irrigation System
Depending on the soils type and water source, over head sprinkler could
be used for commercial production or dripped irrigation would be more
appropriate when silvery black plastic mulch is used.
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Weed Control
Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Later
the canopy could suppress weeds growth. However silver black plastic
cover could be used to control weeds and at the same time to prevent
soils and chicken dung fertilizer splash to the leaves.
Pest Management
There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.
Shading
40 – 50% shading is only required for sandy soils especially during drier
months. Shading mat or shading crops/trees could be planted as inter
crop using hedge planting or traditional square planting system.
Harvesting
Manual cutting is usually practice. The first harvesting could be done10
weeks after field planting. About 30 cm of the twig is cut once in two
weeks interval. The average yield would be 5-6 tonne/ha/year dried
leaves at 10% moisture content.
3.2 KACANGMA (Leonurus sibiricus L)
Kacangma or Chinese Motherwart also known as Serating, Tebung Aga or
Padang Deman belongs to Labiatae family. It is a biennial herb used for many
conditions, especially those affecting women. The whole plant and seeds can
be used. Traditionaly it can be used as:
Postnatal and as tonic
The pink-flowered form is good for enriching the blood while the white-
flowered form is good for improving vigour.
Raw seeds with the husk removed are a good tonic drink. It increases
strength, promotes blood circulation, enriches the bone marrow, soothes
the lungs and stops thirst.
Regulates menses, for diuretic and anti-swelling.
Climate and soils suitability
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Kacangma is a hairy annual herb of about 1m high. It prefers damp soils by
river banks and in paddy fields. There are two types of plant namely, pink-
flowered and white-flowered forms.
Land Preparation
The planting area should be rotovated. Raised beds of 1 meter wide are
prepared. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during
rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending
on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Propagation is by seeds which germinate about one week after sowing. Seeds
could be sown direct to the raised beds. The recommended rate is 2gm of dry
seeds per square meter of planting bed. The seeds are mixture with equal
weight of dry sand for even distribution of seeds on the surface of planning
bed.
Spacing
Raised beds are spaced about 40-60cm apart.
Fertiliser application
Basal dressing of 2kg/square meter of dried chicken dung and 100gm/square
meter of N:P:K compound fertilizer (15:15:15 broadcast and mixed to the soil
three days before seeds are sown.
Irrigation System
Over head sprinkler could be used for commercial production.
Weed Control
Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Regular
weeding is necessary. Plastic cover could be used to control weeds in between
beds.
Pest Management
There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.
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Harvesting
From seedlings to maturity, the plants undergo numerous phase changes.
During the first month, the plant is a rosette of ovate and coarsely
crennulatedentate leaves on elongated petioles. In the second month of
growth, a single stem shoot up and cauline leaves developed. The stem begins
to bear flowers in the third month of growth. Usually the plants are harvested
after about two months of growth. Under local climatic conditions, production
can be all year round giving at least 4-5 rounds of harvest per year. Some lants
are allowed to grow for seed production for the next round of planting. The
fresh foliar yield is about 2.2 kg//square meter which is approximately 20
tonne/ha.
3.3 SERAI MAKAN/LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogen citratus (DC.) Staf.)
Serai makan (Lemon grass) originated from Sri Lanka and had been distributed
to wide area in the tropic such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Brazil,
Guatemala and China. Locally lemon grass is planted as backyard planting
mainly used as food flavouring. The extracts from lemon grass could be used in
cosmetic industry.
Climate and soils suitability
Lemon grass is suitable for planting in tropical climate, with sufficient sunshine
and rain. The best yearly rainfall ranged between 2,500 to 3,000 mm. It can
grow well on wide range of soils except heavy clay soils with poor drainage.
The best soil for lemon grass is sandy loam.
Land Preparation
Weedicide could be sprayed prior to ploughing of the land area. The planting
area should is then ploughed and rotovated. Liming using Ground Magnesium
Limestone (GML) is applied during rotovation allowing better mixing with the
soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for
is between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Planting materials are prepared by using rooted suckers. The rooted suckers
are obtained from mature clump of 8-9 months old. Only healthy and larger
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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size suckers are used for planting. Leaves are cut leaving the stem of 20-25cm
for field planting.
Planting and Spacing
One or two rooted suckers are planted per planting hole. Recommended
spacing is 1.0m between rows and 0.5m within row giving the planting density
of 20,000 clump/ha.
Crop Management
Fertiliser application
Main Crop: Compound fertiliser (N:P:K at ratio of 15:15:15) applied between
the rows in three split application at the rate of 400kg/ha. First application is at
the first month after planting at the rate of 100kg/ha. Second fertilizer
application is at the third months after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha and the
third application is at the fifth month after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha.
Ratoon Crop: N:P:K(15:15:15) applied after harvesting at the rate of 10 kg/ha.
Second application is at the first month after harvesting at the rate of 150 kg/ha
and third application is at the third month after harvesting at the rate of 150
kg/ha.
Irrigation System
Tolerant to light drought and irrigation is not necessary, however it is advisable
that planting should be done at the beginning of rainy season for better
growth.
Weed Control
Weeds are controlled manually during the early stage of establishment. At later
age when plants are larger size contact weedicide such as paraquat dichloride
can be used if necessary however spraying should be done cautiously.
Pest Management
There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.
Harvesting
Fresh Use
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Harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Clumps are dug by
hoe. Roots and leaves are cut leaving a clean stem of 15-20cm long. At planting
density of 20,000 clumps/ha, one clump can produce 25-30 stems. Therefore
for one hectare planting the total clean stems produce would be 500,000-
600,000 this is equivalent to about 16.6-20 tonne/ha (based on 30 stems/kg) of
fresh stem. Replanting is necessary for the next harvest.
Production of essential oils (“minyak pati”)
First harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Leaves are cut
10cm above ground level. The clumps are allowed to grow and reproduce.
Fertilisers are applied and harvesting could be done once in 3-4 months. 12-15
tonne/ha of fresh leaves could be harvested per round depending on age of the
crop and soil fertility. In the first year fresh leaves yield is about 24-30
tonne/ha (2 harvests) and in the second and subsequent years is about36-45
tonne/ha (three harvests). Yield reduction usually observed in the 4-5 years
after planting and replanting should be done at this time.
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PEST AND DISEASES CONTROL
Table 1. Insect pests of common vegetables and their control measures
Crop
Insect Pests
Damage caused
Control measures Leafy and root vegetables Crucifers Cabbage Chinese cabbage Sawi bunga Sawi putih Sawi pahit Sawi hijau Sawi kerinting Lettuce Carrot
Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) Centre grub (Hellula undalis) Cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Flea beetle (Phyllotreta sp.) Earwig (Chelisoches morio) Aphid (Aphis gossypii) (Myzus persicae) Leaf miner (Liriomyza sp.)
Larvae feed on underside of leaves, leaving skeletal remains Young larvae feed on leaves. Older larvae bore into growing points Young larvae feed on leaves and young shoots. Webbing accompanies damage Young larvae feed on masses initially then on leaves, shoots and stem, sometimes stripping them bare Adult chew many holes on leaves many windows. Grubs feed on roots Both nymph and adult feed by nibbing on the young parts of the plants causing scaring and dirtying the remaining leaves Adults and nymphs suck sap from young leaves and shoots resulting in distortion of the foliage and stunting growth of the plant Larvae mine leaves to form white blisters
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Nethouse Vegetables Preventive Measures
Use of netted structure to exclude adults of the larger insects
Practice crop rotation to disrupt the pest life cycles
Practice proper sanitation measures such as removal and disposal of insect-infested plant parts and crop residues
Use of flame thrower as surface soil treatment to kill the pests on the residual crops and the soil surface, weed and grass seed
Practice proper planting density. A dense or overcrowded crop prevents good coverage during spraying of insecticides and also provide hiding places for the pests
Observe of fallow period to break the pest life cycles and to prevent build up of pest population
Practice proper tillage to expose and kill pests in soil such as flea beetle
Use of yellow sticky traps for monitoring Curative Measures
Bio-pesticides are safe to the users and the environment (eg. Tuba root extracts and Bacillus thuringiensis)
Biological control Control of pests by natural enemies
Beneficial lady bird beetle feeding on aphids
Assassin bug feeding on insect larva
Adult Cotesia, parasitoid of diamond back moth
Spider feeding on insect larva
Chemical control Use only products recommended for the target pests
and crops. The user is encouraged to use products with the ‘WHITE’ colour bands and ‘BLUE’ colour bands on the labels.
(For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)
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Table 2 : Insect pests of field crops and their control measures
Crops Insect pest Damage Control measure
Maize/sweet corn/ baby corn
Maize borer (Ostrinia salientalis) Aphid
Newly emerged larva may feed on the leaf tissue causing small transparent patches, or bore through the leaf whorls resulting in horizontal rows of holes on the unfolded leaf. The larva may also migrate downwards to bore into the stem
Aphids suck sap from the shoots
Cultural: Practice proper sanitation. Remove and burn all maize/sweet/baby corn stubble or stalk before planting Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Biological: Natural enemies of aphid are lady bird beetle and syrphid
Taro
Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Hawk moth (Ytreta nessus)
Larvae feed on leaves, causing many holes Larvae feed on the leaves
Biological: Assasin bugs are natural predators Cultural: Pluck off infested leaves and destroy the larvae which are usually found in clusters Cultural: Handpick the larvae
Tapioca
Scale
Sweet potato
Weevils (Cylas formicasius)
Larvae burrow in the stems and tubers thus reducing the yield and quality
Cultural: Crop rotation, Use pest-free planting material, harvest timely upon maturity. Plant the stems deep in the bed, raise the height of the bed
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Stem borer (Omphisa anastomosalis) Tortoise beetle
Larvae bore in the petioles and stalks and tunnel downwards into the tubers causing the plant to wilt Grubs feed and tunnel in the tubers
Cultural: Remove all crop residues before planting, good weed control
Groundnut
Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Leaf miner (Aproaerema modicella) (Photo: www.infonet-biovision.org)
Larvae feed on leaves Young larvae mine the leaves and later instars exit the mine to web together several leaflets. Damaged leaves become brownish, rolled and wilt
Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)
Ginger
Yellow peach moth (Dichocrocis punctiferalis) (Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)
Larva feeding in the centre of the stem causes death of the ‘heart’, which is visible when the terminal shoot is wilting
Cultural: Practice proper sanitation. Remove all infested materials from the field for destruction
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Table 3 : Insect pests of perennial crop and their control measures
Crop Insect pest Damage Control measure
Sugar cane
Aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntn.) Sugarcane borer (Phragmataecia spp.) (Eucosma isogramma Meyr.) (Proceras sacchariphagus ) (Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)
Adults and nymphs may cause dessication of the leaves Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane
Biological: Parasitic wasps keep aphids under natural control Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)
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Safe Use of Pesticides
Pesticide is a general name used to cover the group of products that include
acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides and
rodenticides. Pesticides must be handled and used in accordance with the
manufacturer‟s recommendation. Growers are advised to follow the instructions as
stated on the labels of the pesticide packing. Instructions on the label should be
closely followed to ensure effective application and to avoid risks to operators,
consumers and the environment. This is also to ensure that the farm produce, when
marketed both locally and internationally is safe for human consumption.
All pesticide applications should be regarded as technical operations. There is no room
for casual approach to pesticide application. The requirements for good agriculture
practices on pesticides include the following: choice of pesticides, advice on pesticides
usage, records of application, safety, training and instructions, protective clothing and
gears, pre-harvest interval, spray equipment, disposal of surplus spray mix, pesticide
storage, disposal of empty pesticide containers and disposal of obsolete pesticides
(Department of Agriculture, Malaysia; 2005).
1 Choice of Pesticides
Growers should only use pesticides that are officially registered under the
Pesticide Act. The pesticides used should be appropriate for a particular crop
and specific targeted pest or disease and which have minimal effect on
populations of beneficial organisms, aquatic life, workers, consumers and the
environment. An anti-resistance strategy should be adopted to avoid reliance
on any one chemical. In other words, crop producers are encouraged to
practice alternate use of different types of pesticides. In selecting a pesticide for
a pest problem, it is important to choose the least hazardous product that is
cost-effective against the targeted pest. As a general guide, the larger the LD50
values, the least toxic the product is to the spraying operators (Table 1).
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WHO pesticide classification and their associated mammalian toxicity values
Class Colour
coding Hazardous level
LD50 for rat (mg/kg body weight)
Oral Dermal
Solids* Liquids* Solids* Liquids*
1a Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less
Ib Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400
II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000
III Slightly hazardous 500 - 5000 2000 - 20000 1000 - 10000 4000 - 40000
IV Unlikely to present a
hazard Over 5000 Over 20000 Over 10000 Over 10000
* The term solids and liquids refer to the physical state of the active ingredient being classified
2 Advice on Pesticide Usage
Growers could seek advice on pesticide usage from agriculture officers and
other competent authorities. Perspective users of pesticides must identify their
pest or disease problem, in order to avoid unnecessary use of the products.
There may be circumstances where the use of pesticides would not be
appropriate, such as where cultural or biological methods of control are more
effective. IPM is the best option and using pesticides is the last resort.
3 Records of Application
Growers are advised to keep farm records for traceability purposes. The lists of
product that are used on the crops should be recorded. The record should also
include date of application, reasons for application, trade name of pesticide
used, dosage, method of application and name of operator.
4 Safety, Training and Instructions
Spray operators should be trained on safe and proper use of pesticides. Each
area of application should be field marked with appropriate warning signs.
5 Protective Clothing and Gears
In order to understand how to protect against the hazards of pesticides, it is
important to know how they might enter the body. There are three routes; via
the mouth (oral), the skin (dermal) and by breathing into the lungs via the nose
or mouth (inhalation). In most spraying operations, exposure to the skin is the
most likely route of contamination because of spillage, splashes or spray
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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contact. Thus, the emphasis is on how to minimise skin contact. The head is a
sensitive area due to a higher rate of absorption of products via the hair
follicles. The eyes are particularly sensitive and require special attention.
Spray operators should be equipped with suitable protective clothing and equipment,
in order to minimize health risk and safety. The minimum requirement includes the
wearing of long sleeve shirt, long pants, apron, cap, face mask, hand glove and long
boot (Fig. 5 a). Due to our humid environment, spraying activities should be carried
during the early morning or late evening. Protective clothing and gears should be
cleaned after use and stored separately from pesticides (Fig. 5 b). This is also to meet
the requirements for farm workers under the Occupational Safety and Health
regulations.
(a) Proper safety attire during spraying (b) Proper storage of aprons and face mask
OSHA model
(c) Protective clothing and gears
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6 Pre-harvest Interval
Pre-harvest interval is the period of time which must elapse between the
application of a pesticide and the harvesting of a crop, to ensure that pesticide
residues on the produce are within permissible limits. Pre-harvest intervals as
prescribed on pesticide labels should be strictly adhered. This is very important
to avoid the pesticide residues on farm produce.
7 Spray Equipment
Spray equipment should be suitable for use on the crop and farm in question
and should be kept in good working condition (Fig. 7a). Calibration should be
carried out as and when necessary to ensure accurate delivery of the required
quantity of spray. When mixing pesticides, the correct quantity of spray mix for
the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type should be calculated
and accurately prepared.
(a) Proper storage of sprayers, & Spray equipment
7.1 Measuring and Mixing
The recommended dose rates and dilutions on the labels should be adhered to.
Higher dosage will not produce better results while the lower dosage will be
less effective. The method adopted for measuring and preparation for use will
vary according to the product and the scale of use. Ready-to-use solid products,
such as dusts and granules, can be tipped or scooped from their packs directly
into the hoppers of the sprayers. Concentrates which mix easily with water, can
be measured out and then poured directly into sprayer tanks partly filled with
water. Wettable powders should be premixed with a little water before pouring
into a partly-filled sprayer tank. The tank should then be filled with water to the
correct level, and mixed well. Importantly, never use hands for mixing.
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8 Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix
Surplus spray mix and tank washings should be sprayed over an untreated part
of the crop as long as the recommended dosage has not been exceeded or on
designated fallow land. Records should be kept of such spraying.
9 Pesticide Storage
Pesticides are valuable products which may deteriorate and become useless and
perhaps hazardous if they are not stored under proper conditions. There are
rules and regulations on storage of pesticides, be it at the sale outlet or at farm
level. Pesticides must be stored in a sound, secured, water resistant, well-
ventilated and well-lit location away from other materials. All shelvings should
be of non-absorbent material. The pesticide store should be able to retain
spillage. We should never place containers of pesticides directly on the floor.
Use bricks or timber under the containers so that leaks may be discovered
easily. Keys and access to the store should be limited to workers with adequate
training in the handling of pesticides. All pesticides should be stored in their
original packing and only those registered for use on the crops on the farm
should be stored. Pesticides in powder form are stored on shelves above those
in liquid form (Fig. 9 a). Herbicides are normally placed on the lowest shelf.
There is a need to place warning signs of potential danger on access doors (Fig.
9 b). There should be adequate facilities for measuring and mixing pesticides
and emergency facilities, e.g. plenty of clean water and bucket of sand (Fig. 9 c),
to deal with contamination and accidental spillage.
(a) Proper storage of pesticides
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(b) Placing of a danger sign on door (c) Bucket of sand in store
of pesticide store
10 Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers
Empty pesticide containers should not be re-used. They should be disposed in
a manner that avoids exposure to human and contamination of the
environment. There is a triple rinsing technique for the washing of these empty
containers. The three times rinsing with water is done in three positions each
(Fig. 10 a - c) and the washings are returned to the spray tank (Fig. 10 d). These
rinsed containers should be pierced to prevent reuse. They should also be
securely kept until disposal is possible (Fig. 10 e). In the absence of a collection
and disposal service for empty pesticide containers, these containers could be
buried in disposal pits away from dwellings, water sources and crops. These
disposal pits should be properly labeled.
(a) (b) (c)
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(a) (e) (f)
Disposal of empty pesticide container
(a) Step 1 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container
(b) Step 2 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container
(c) Step 3 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container
(d) Return of washing from triple rinsing into the spray tank
(e) Proper storage of empty pesticide containers
(f) disposal pit, away from dwellings, water sources and crops and properly
labeled.
11 Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides
Obsolete pesticides should only be disposed through an approved chemical
waste contractor, in accordance with the standing environmental regulations.
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Table 4. List of insecticides and molluscicides, which are allowed for use on
leafy and fruit vegetables
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kailan Siput
Achatina fulica metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon
chlorfluazuron Atabron 5EC
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
cypermethrin
Cylex 16 EC, Deploy 5.5 EC,
Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC,
Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600,
Omega 5.5 EC, Trounce 16 EC
dimethoate +
cypermethrin Cyperdim 220 EC
Kutu daun
Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600
Kutu daun
Myzus persicae cypermethrin Halex Cypermethrin
Ulat Hellula
Hellula undalis
chlorfluazuron Atabron
dimethoate +
cypermethrin Cyperdim 220 EC
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
trichlorphon Dipterex
Lintah bulan
Limax sp. metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sp. deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp.
dimethoate +
cypermethrin
Cyperdim 220 EC
Ulat plutella
Plutella xylostella abamectin
Abatin 1.8 EC, Agrimec 1.9 EC,
Ancotin 018, Habamec 1.8 EC,
Halex Abamectin 1.8 EC, Mectin
1.8 EC, Mutant, Vegegard
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kailan Ulat plutella
Plutella
xylostella
fenvalerate AGR Fenrate 20 EC, AGR
Fenrate 35 EC
chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.Aizawai
Betee 32K, Florbac, Protect
BT, Sentari WG, Xentari
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki
(3A,3B)strain HD-1
Biobit
diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pengasus 250 SC,
Agus 24SC
emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
exigua
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
litura
chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
trichlorphon Dipterex
emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera sp.
spinosad Success 25 SC
Hamama merah
Tetranychus
urticae
abamectin Abatin 1.8 EC, Brightin,
Mectin 1.8 EC, Mutant,
Vegegard
flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC, Cascade 5.3
EC
profenofos Cleaver 45.0 EC, Clout 45.0
EC, Fenop, Seron
Hamama merah
Tetranychus
urticae
chlorfenapyr Kotetsu SC
quinalphos Minalphos
fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC
diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
pyridaben Sanmite 20 WP
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kailan Hamama merah
Tetranychus
urticae
clarified hydrophobic
extract of neem oil +
d-limonene
Tripper
Kangkong
Siput
Achatina sp.
Lintah bulan
Limax sp.
metaldehyde Meta 5G
Brokoli Ulat plutella
Plutella
xylostella
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki
B.tis, Bagone, Crymac
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.Aizawai
Betee 32 K
Ulat jengkal
Trichoplusia ni
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki
B.tis, Bagone, Crymac
Bayam Siput
Achatina fulica
metaldehyde Elatus, Metarex 5G, Snail
Tox
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon
fenvalerate Sumitower 303
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Kutu daun
Myzus sp.
chlorpyrifos Mission 400
Lintah bulan
Deroceras sp.
Limax sp.
metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox
Ulat hellula
Hellula undalis
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Pelombong
daun
Phyllocnistis
citrella
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
litura
cypermethrin Salithion 16%
fenvalerate Sumitower 303
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp.
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Kutu trip
Thrips sp.
chlorpyrifos Mission 400
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kubis Cina Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
fenvalerate Sumitower 303
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
cartap
hydrochloride
Cartap 98 SP
Kutu daun
Brevicoryne
brassicae
permerthrin Arsato
Kutu daun
Myzus persicae
fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC
Ulat hellula
Hellula undalis deltamethrin
Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Minitab
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP
abamectin Zabamec 20
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sp. deltamethrin Decis Minitab
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10 WP
Ulat plutella
Plutella
xylostella
abamectin
Agrimec 1.9 EC, Habamec
1.8 EC, Halex Abamectin 1.8
EC
Bacillus
thuringiensis
subsp.Aizawai
Beetee 32K
deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Minitab
chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
emamectin
benzoate
Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim
B
fenvalerate Sumicidin, Sumitower 303
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
litura
carbaryl
Carbacide 85
Spodoptera
litura
cartap
hydrochloride
Cartap 98 SP, Tadan 50 WP
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
fenvalerate
Fenditox 20 EC, Sumicidin
10% WP, Sumitower 303
emamectin
benzoate
Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim
B
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kubis bunga
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin Action 250, Omelin 250
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis sp. deltamethrin
Lonsat
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
dimethoate +
cypermethrin
Cyperdim 220 EC, Decor,
Konsep 550
cypermethrin Satria 5.5 EC
dimethoate Tamet 40
Kutu daun
Brevicoryne
brassicae
permethrin Arsato, Parasect 100
cypermethrin
Barrix 55, Bost 999, Chicop-
S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,
Cypersan, Cypersect , Kontek,
Larvin, Oltex 55, Racer 55,
Unithrin 5 EC
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin
Gaya 505
Kutu daun
Lipaphis sp. dimethoate Fezmet, Fezmet 40
lambda-
cyhalothrin
Recca 280, Trekker 28
Kutu daun
Myzus persicae diazinon Basudin EW
dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400,
Roction 400
Kutu daun
Myzus sp.
dimethoate Rothion
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kubis bunga
Ulat
crocidolomia
Crocidolomia
binotalis
lambda-
cyhalothrin
Recca 280, Trekker 28
Ulat hellula
Hellula undalis deltamethrin Catch
dimethoate +
cypermethrin Cyperdim 220 EC
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin Decor, Gaya 505, Konsep 550
dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Rocthion
400, Rothion
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sp. diazinon Basudin EW
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp.
dimethoate +
cypermethrin Cyperdim 220 EC
dimethoate Rothion
Ulat pieris
Pieris rapae
lambda-
cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
Ulat plutella
Plutella
xylostella
deltamethrin Action 250, Catch, Lonsat,
Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC
Bacillus
thuringiensis
subsp.Aizawai
Beetee 32K
diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Agus 24SC
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin Konsep 550, Decor
lambda-
cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
diflubenzuron +
alphacypermethrin
Trap
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
exigua
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera
litura
deltamethrin
Action 250, Catch, Deltarin 280,
Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang panjang
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin
Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC,
Deltafos 1.4 EC
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis sp. deltamethrin Lonsat
Lalat putih
Aleurodicus
dispersus
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Lalat putih
Aleurodicus sp. dimethoate Dimeto 400, Roction 400
Lalat putih
Bemisia tabaci dimethoate Dimet 40
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC,
Lexide 400 EC
diazinon Mapa Diazinon 60
Pelombong daun
Chromatomyia
horticola
deltamethrin Action 250, Decis, Decis 250,
Decis Minitab, Omelin 250
cyromazine Trigard 75 WP
Pelombong daun
Liriomyza sp. deltamethrin
Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Minitab
Pelombong daun
Phyllocnistis citrella
diazinon
Mapa Diazinon 60
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Pelombong daun
Phytomyza
atricornis
diazinon Basudin EW
Pelombong daun
Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Lelompat daun
Empoasca fabae acetamiprid Mospilan 3% EW
Kumbang kura-
kura
Epilachna sp.
dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
60
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang panjang Pengorek kacang
Euchrysops cnejus carbaryl CH Carbaryl 85
cypermethrin
Chichop-S161, Cidoff 10,
Cidoff 55, Clik, Kemiron,
Salithion 16%, Satria 5.5 EC
deltamethrin
Desec 140, Desec 280
Pengorek kacang
Euchrysops sp. cypermethrin
Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,
Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55
Pengorek buah
Euchrysops meruca cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
Ulat kuntum/ Ulat
pengorek kacang
Helicoverpa
armigera
cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subs.kurstaki (3A,3B)
strain HD-1
Biobit
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki Dipel
lambda-chyalothrin Karate Zeon
lufenuron Match 050 EC
Ulat pengorek buah
Helicoverpa assulta cypermethrin Cypersing 550, Farmsect 550
lufenuron Exodus 5.1 EC
Ulat pengorek buah
Helicoverpa sp. cypermethrin
Kontek, Mythrin, Nong Dat
500
Ulat pengorek buah
Maruca sp. cypermethrin Kontex
Pengorek buah/
pucuk
Leucinodes sp.
lufenuron Match 050 EC
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis
cypermethrin ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM
Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5 EC,
Bina Cyper 10.5 EC, Bina
Cyper 5.5 EC, BL Cyper 10.5
EC, BL Cyper 5.5 EC, BM
Cythrin, Chipthrin 5.5,
Cyperact 10.5 EC, Cyper-Axe,
Cyper-EC, Cypersing 550,
Farmsect 550, Kemiron
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
61
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang panjang Pengorek lengai Maruca testulalis
deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC, Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Dentafos 2.8, Desec 140, Shieldmate 2.8 EC
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC
beta-cypermethrin Chix
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin
Confidor Matrix
lambda-cyhalothrin Karate
lufenuron Match 050 EC
acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC, Mospilan 3% EC
Pengorek lengai Maruca testulalis
cypermethrin Mythrin, Nong Dat 500, Salithion 16%, Salithion 550
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex
Kutu trip Megalurothrips usitatus
imidacloprid Admire 200 SL, Confidor, ConfIdor 200 SL, Indigo, Provado 200 SL
cypermethrin Bugster
Kutu trip Thrips palmi imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo
mercaptodimethur Mandate 50, Snapshot 50
diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
Kutu trip Thrips sp.
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
dimethoate Lexide 400 EC, Vita Dimethoate
mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP
Lalat kacang Melanagromyza phaseoli
dimethoate Dimet 40
Ulat daun Omiodes sp.
diazinon WA Diazinon EC
Ulat inti daun Phytomyza sp.
diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon, WA Diazinon
dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
62
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang
panjang
Hamama
Polyphagotarsonemus sp. diafenthiuron
Pegasus 250 SC
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp.
sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac
dimethoate Roction 400, Vita
dimethoate
Hamama merah
Tetranychus urticae diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera exigua
lambda-
cyhalothrin Karate Zeon
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura
deltamethrin
Decis Minitab, Delta 1.4
EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos
1.4 EC, Fujita B
cypermethrin
Salithion 16%, Salithion
550
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
63
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang
buncis
Lalat putih
Aleurodicus
dispersus
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Lalat putih
Bemisia tabaci
abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018
dimethoate Dimet 40
Kutu daun
Aphis sp. dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC
Pelombong daun
Chromatomyia
horticola
deltamethrin Action 250, Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Minitab, Omelin 250
cyromazine Brent 75 WP, Frontier 75 WP,
Trigard 75 WP
Pelombong daun
Liriomyza sp. deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab,
Pelombong daun
Phyllocnistis citrella dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Pengorek kacang
Euchrysops cnejus cypermethrin
Chicop-S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,
Clik, Kemiron, Salithion 16%,
Salithion 550
Pengorek kacang
Euchrysops sp. cypermethrin
Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,
Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55
Pengorek buah
Euchrysops meruca cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
Ulat kuntum/Ulat
pengorek
Helicoverpa
armigera
cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC
Bacillus
thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki
(3A,3B)strain
HD-1
Biobit
Betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis
deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC,
Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC,
BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis
250, Decis Minitab, Desec, Desec
280, Omelin 250, Shielmate 1.4 EC,
Shielmate 2.8 EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Vente 25
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
imidacloprid +
cyfluthrin
Confidor Matrix
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
64
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Kacang Buncis
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis cypermethrin
Cypergard 10 EW,
Cyperway 10 EW,
Kemiron, Salithion 16%,
Salithion 550
Kutu trip
Megalurothrips usitatus
Thrips palmi
imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo
Kutu trip
Thrips sp.
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
Dimethoate
Lalat kacang
Melanagromyza phaseoli
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon
dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
Dimethoate
trichlorphon Tritex 95 SP
Lalat kacang
Ophiomyia phaseoli dimethoate Dimet 40
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sinuata deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sp. deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp. diazinon
Dianet, SH Diazinon
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
cypermethrin Salithion 16%, Salithion
550
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp.
amitraz
Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec
21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac,
Vintage 21.7 EC
dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
Dimethoate
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
65
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Terung
Lalat putih
Aleurodicus dispersus thiamethoxam Actara 25WG
Lalat putih
Bemisia tabaci
thiamethoxam Actara 25WG
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix
abamectin Dyna-Mec 19
buprofezin Lanmertin
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
Kutu daun
Aphis gossypii
cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperten
acetamiprid Dekker, Mospilan 3% EC
permethrin Mastin 88, Meothin 500,
Parasect 100
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G
malathion
CH Malaxion 570E, CH
Malaxion 84.0, Teraxion
1000E
dimethoate
Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet
40, Lexide 400EC, Rogor L-
40
cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper
1600
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP
Kumbang daun
Aulacophora sp. malathion
CH Malaxion 570E, Teraxion
1000E
Lelompat daun
Empoasca fabae
thiamethoxam Actara 25WG
imidacloprid
Fusilier 18.3SL, Imida 200,
Kendor, Nexus 18.3SL,
Pack-It 200
Lelompat daun
Empoasca sp. chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
Hamama
Eotetranychus sp. propargite Omite 57EC
Kumbang kura-kura
Epilachna indica
trichlorphon CH Trichlorphon 95
deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250
dimethoate
Dimeto 400, Fezmet,
Fezmet 40, Roction 400,
Rogor L-40
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
66
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF
NAMA DAGANGAN
Terung
Kumbang kura-kura Epilachna sp.
deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Permit
dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38EC, Lexide 400EC
Ulat kuntum/ulat pengorek Helicoverpa armigera
cypermethrin Chicop-S161, Cypersect, Kontek, alithion 16%
deltamethrin Desec 140, Desec 280
lufenuron Match 050 EC
permethrin Parasect 100
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox 3.0
Pengorek buah/pucuk Leucinodes orbonalis
cypermethrin
ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5EC, Barrix 55, Bina Cyper 10.5EC, Bina Cyper 5.5EC, BL Cyper 10.5EC, BL Cyper 5.5EC, BM Cythrin, Bost 999, Chicop-S161, Chipthrin 5.5, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, Clik, Cylex 16EC, CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperact 10.5EC, Cyperin 550, Cypersan, Cypersect, Cypersing 550, Cyperten, E-Lita, Farmsect 550, Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC, Ha Zhong Mah 50, Halex Cypermethrin, Kemiron, Kontek, Methrin 101, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
67
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Terung
Pengorek buah/pucuk
Leucinodes orbonalis
deltamethrin
Action 250, Binadelta
1.4EC, Binadelta 2.8EC, BL
Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8
EC, Catch, Decis, Decis
250, Decis Minitab,
Omelin 250, Permit,
Shieldmate 1.4EC,
Shieldmate 2.8 EC
permethrin
AGR Agflow 10 EC, AGR
Pilar 10 EC, AGR Porex 10
EC, Agrivo 10 EC, Arsato,
Binasect 10EC, BL-Met 10
EC, Kenbush, Kilsect 10EC,
Kilsect 20EC, Mastin 88,
Meothin 500, Parasect
100, Perkill
alpha-cypermethrin Alpha-Thrin, Atis, Orca
030 EC,
carbaryl
Avin 85, Boly 85% WP, CH
Carbaryl 85, Rebel 85%WP,
Wesco Carbaryl 85
cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.aizawai strain NB20 Brightflo
beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
thiocyclam-hydrogen
oxalate Evisect S
lambda-cyhalothrin Karate, Vente 25
carbofuran Pofer 3G
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
fenvalerate Sumicidin 200
diflubenzuron + alpha-
cypermethrin Trap
Pengorek buah/pucuk
Leucinodes sp.
carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G
cypermethrin Citrinex, Cyper 50 EC,
Slithion 16%
lufenuron Match 050 EC
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
68
TANAMA
N PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Terung
Kutu daun
Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin
Kencis 1600
Ken-Cyper 1600
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis lufenuron Match 050 EC
Kabuh lentinf
Phyllotreta sp. cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
Pelombong daun
Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400EC
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp.
Hamama
Polyphagotarsonemus
latus
amitraz Amatic 20 EC
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
Hamama
Polyphagotarsonemus
sp.
sulfur Micrithiol 80WG
Kutu trip
Scirtothrips sp. fipronil Regain 500
Ulat ratus
Spodptera exigua methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
Ulat ratus
Spodptera litura
deltamethrin
Binadelta 1.4EC,
Binadelta 2.8EC, BL
Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8
EC, Decis Minitab,
Shieldmate 1.4 EC,
Shieldmate 2.8 EC,
Ulat ratus
Spodptera sp. deltamethrin
Catch, Deltarex 140,
Deltatox 140, FC Delta
140, Lonsat
cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp. bifenthrin Brigade 25 EC
malathion CH Malaxion 570E, CH
Malaxion 84.0
amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
69
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Terung
Hamama merah
Tetranychus
urticae
dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400,
Roction 400
spirodiclofen Envidor
sulfur Microthiol 80WG
propargite Omite
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
Kutu trip
Thrips palmi
imidacoprid
Admire 200 SL, Confidor,
Confidor 100 SL, Confidor
200 SL, Confidor 70 WG,
Elektra, Fantasia, Indigo,
Mafidor, Mattador,
Provado 200 SL
chlorfluazuron „Atabron‟ 5EC
imidacloprid +
cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix
chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
carbosulfan Marshal 20SC, Marsk
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
fipronil Regim 5SC
Spinosad Success 25SC
acetamiprid Tips
Kutu trip
Thrips sp.
malathion
CH Malaxion 570E, CH
Malaxion 84.0, SK
Malathion, Teraxion 1000E
acetamiprid Dekker
dimethoate Lexide 400EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
fipronil Regain 500, Regent 50 SC
Lalat putih
Trialeurodus
vaporariorum
abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
70
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Kutu daun
Aphis gossyphii
cypermethrin Bugster
imidacloprid
Confidor, Fusilier 18.3 SL,
Imida 200, Indigo, Nascent
18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL,
Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL,
RH Imidacloprid, SK
Imidacloprid
deltamethrin
Cothrin, Cracko, Deltam,
Destin 1.4 EC, Detin, Vancis,
Vanthrin 1.4 EC
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin
Dewana Cyperchlor 505,
Dragon 505, Energy 505,
Naga 505
chlorpyrifos Logic 75
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
cypermethrin
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma
10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC,
Chipthrin 5.5, Consult 5 EC,
Contest 50 EC, Cosmo 35,
Crescent 5 EC, Cyper 50 EC,
Cyperin 550, Cypersing 550,
Farmsect 550, Kencis 1600,
Ken-Cyper 1600, larvin,
Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,
Nullecide 10 EC, Unicide 5.5
EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack
150
malathion
BM Malathion 84, Hextar
Malathion 57, Maladion 84
E, Mapa Malathion 57, WA
Malathion 84, ZA Malathion
84 EC
dimethoate
Dimet 40, Dimexion 40,
Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Halex
Dimethoate 38 EC, Kenlogo,
lexide 400 EC, Logor, Logor
Blu,
Vita Dimethoate
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox
3.0
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
71
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Kutu daun
Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin
Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper
1600
Kutu daun
Myzus persicae azadirachtin AZ, Fortune Aza 3%
Lalat buah
Bactrocera sp.
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP
cypermethrin
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR
Cyma 10 EC,
AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult
5 EC,
Cosmo 35, Cresent 5 EC,
Cyper 50 EC,
Nullecide 10 EC
chlorpyrifos Bodyguard
flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC
deltamethrin Lonsat
Lalat putih
Bemisia tabaci imidacloprid
Confidor, Fusilier 18.3
SL, Imida 200,
Indigo, Nascent 18.2 SL,
Nexus 18.3 SL,
Pack-It 200, Palisade
18.2 SL
Lalat putih
Trialeurodus sp. potassium oleate
Duxon Insecticide
Concentrate
Lalat putih
Trialeurodus vaporariorum abamectin
Abamec 018, Avemec
018
Kumbang kura-kura
Epilachna sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Kutu trip
Haplothrips floricola fipronil Regim 5SC
Kutu trip
Scirtothrips dorsalis
cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5, Nong Dat
500
deltamethrin Deltatox 140
imidacloprid
RH Imidacloprid, SK
Imidacloprid
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
72
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF
NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Kutu trip Scirtothrips sp.
fipronil Regain 500
Kutu trip Thrips palmi
imidacloprid
Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Confidor 100 SL, Confidor 200 SL, Elektra, Fantasia, Fusilier 18.3 SL, Imida 200, Indigo, Mafidor, Mattador, Nascent 18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL, Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL, Provado 200 SL
minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix
deltamethrin Cothrin, Detin, Vanthrin 1.4 EC
cypermethrin Cypercing 550
chlorpyrifos Logic 75
acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC
diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
spinosad Success 25 SC
lambda-cyhalothrin ZA Lambda
Kutu trip Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin
Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP, Agent 505, Dewana Cyperchlor 505, Dragon 505, Energy 505, Kayak 505, Naga 505, Starfos 505
cypermethrin
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult 5 EC, Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC, Farmsect 550, Larvin, Nullecide 10 EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack 150
Kutu trip Thrips sp.
carbosulfan Brightage 25 EC, Synton 25 EC
deltamethrin Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos 1.4 EC, Destin 1.4 EC, Fujita B, Lonsat, Wesilin 1.40
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
73
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Kutu trip
Thrips sp.
dimethoate
Dimeto 400, Dimexion 40,
Fezmet,
Fezmet 40, Lexide 400
EC, Roction 400,
Vita Dimethoate
chlorpyrifos Lorsban 40 EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Regain 500, Regent 50 SC
malathion SK Malathion
fenvalerate Sumitox 3.0
Ulat kuntum / Ulat
pengorek
Helicoverpa armigera
deltamethrin
Action 250, Binadelta 1.4
EC,
Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL
Delta 1.4 EC,
BL Delta 2.8 EC, Brightis,
Catch,
Craco, Decis, Decis 250,
Decis Minitab, Deltafos
2.8,
Deltam, Deltis 1.4 EC,
Desec 140, Desec 280,
FC Delta 140, Omelin
250,
Shieldmate 1.4 EC,
Shieldmate 2.8 EC,
Vancis, Wesilin 1.40
cypermethrin
AGR Cylac 10 EC,
AGR Cyma 10 EC,
AGR Jola 10 EC,
Bugster, Consult 5 EC,
Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC,
Cyper 50 EC, Cyper H20,
Cyper-axe, Cyper-EC,
Farmsect 550, Mythrin,
Nong Dat 500, Nullecide
10 EC,
Ripcord 505, WA Cyperin
100
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
74
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Ulat kuntum / Ulat
pengorek
Helicoverpa armigera
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki
(3A,3B)
Bactospeine WG,
Dipel WG,
Lepicide WG
cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki
(3A,3B) strain HD-1
Biobit
chlorpyrifos Bodyguard, Lorsban
40 EC
fenpropathrin Danitol 10 SC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.kurstaki Dipel
lamda-cyhalothrin
Karate, Karate
Zeon, Karate Zeon
B, Recca 280,
Siloco 280, Trekker
28, ZA Lambda
lufenuron Match 050 EC
emamectin benzoate Pictor 019
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Pelombong daun
Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Pelombong daun
Liriomyza sp. fenpropathrin Scea Danitol 10 SC
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis lufenuron Match 050 EC
Ulat jengkal
Plusia chalcites esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
Hamama
Polyphagotarsonemus spirodiclofen Envidor
fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
75
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF
NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili
Hamama merah Tetranychus sp.
diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
fenpyroximate + propargite Scoremite
Sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
amitraz
Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec 21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac, Vintage 21.7 EC
malathion
BM Malathion 84, Hextar Malathion 57, Maladion 84E, Mapa Malathion 57, ZA Malathion 84 EC
dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Roction 400
sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC
diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pegasus 250 SC
Ulat ratus Spodoptera exigua
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus Spodoptera litura
deltamethrin Catch, Decis Minitab
cypermethrin Cypersing 550
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus Spodoptera litura
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex
Kutu trip Scirtothrips sp.
fipronil Regain 500
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
76
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Cili Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
Cili manis
Kutu daun
Myzus persicae azadirachtin AZ, Fortune AZA 3%
Kutu trip
Thrips palmi
imidacloprid
Admire 200 SL,
Confidor 200 SL,
Provado 200 SL
carbosulfan Marshal 20 SC
Labu
Kutu daun
Aphis sp. dimethoate Tamet 40
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp.
Jagung
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon chlorpyrifos Embark 5G
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis sp. chlorpyrifos Logic 75
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
Lipaphis sp.
cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-
Cyper 1600
Jagung
Ulat kuntum/
Ulat pengorek
Helicoverpa
armigera
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki
(3A,3B)
Dipel ES
Ulat kuntum/
Ulat pengorek
Helicoverpa
assulta
cypermethrin Kemiron
Ulat pengorek
buah
Helicoverpa sp.
lufenuron Match 050 EC
Ulat pengorek
tongkol
Ostrinia furnacalis
emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC,
Proclaim B
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF
NAMA DAGANGAN
Jagung
Ulat pengorek batang Ostrinia salentialis
chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
trichlorphon Dipterex
profenofos Selecron 500 EC, Vegecron
Ulat pengorek Ostria sp.
chlorpyrifos Logic 75
lufenuron Match 050 EC
Ulat pengorek batang Sesamia inferens
profenofos Selecron 500 EC
Ulat ratus Spodoptera litura
chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri
cypermethrin Kemiron
quinalphos Relay, Relay 250, Zephos 250
profenofos Selecron 500 EC
Ulat ratus Spodoptera sp.
cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
quinalphos Rid-Off
Timun
Ulat pangkas Agrotis ipsilon
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
Ulat pangkas Agrotis sp.
deltamethrin Lonsat
Kutu daun Aphis gossypii
acetamiprid Amani, Dekker
dimethoate Rogor L-40
Kutu daun Aphis sp.
malathion CH Malaxion 570E
dimethoate Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu, Tamet 40
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF
NAMA DAGANGAN
Timun
Kumbang daun Aulacophora sp.
malathion CH Malaxion 570E
cypermethrin Cyper 50EC
deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Desec 140, Desec 280
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP
Lalat buah Bactrocera cucurbitae
fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC
Lalat buah Bactrocera sp. fenthion
Ch Fenthion 50, Lebaycid 550EC, Split 50EC
cypermethrin Cyper
Lalat putih Bemisia tabaci.
abamectin
Abamec 018, Abatin 1.8 EC, Attic, Avemec 018, Brightin, Mectin 1.8 EC
Lalat putih Trialeurodus vaporariorum
minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC
Ulat timun Diaphania sp.
carbaryl Carbacide 85
Ulat kuntum Helicoverpa assulta
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
Ulat gulung daun Margaronia indica
acetamiprid Mospilan 20%WSC
Ulat jengkal Plusia chalcites
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
Hamama Polyphagotarsonemus
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC
Hamama merah Tetranychus sp.
malathion CH Malaxion 570E
dimethoate Dimet 40, Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu, Tamet 40
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Timun
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp. dicofol Meto
propargite Omite 30W
Hamama merah
Tetranychus truncatus dicofol Trithane
Hamama merah
Tetranychus urticae diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Kutu trip
Thrips palmi chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
mercaptodimethur Mandate 50
carbosulfan Marshal 20SC
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
Kutu trip
Thrips sp. malathion
CH Malaxion 570E,
SK Malathion
mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP
Lelompat daun
Empoasca sp. chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
Kacang tanah
Kutu daun
Aphis sp. dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction
Ulat akar
Diabrotica sp. carbofuran Furadan 3G
Pelombong daun
Liriomyza sp.
diflubenzuron +
alphacypermethrin Trap
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp. dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction
Tebu
Kutu daun
Aphis sp. carbofuran
Cafuran 3G, Serbaco
G33, Tri-Furan 3G
Kutu daun
Oregma sp. carbofuran
Kenfuran, Kenfuran
3G
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN
AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
Tebu
Pengorek batang
Eucosma
isogramma carbofuran
Carboran, Furatox 3G,
Kenfuran, Kenfuran 3G,
MM Furan 3G, Naga 3G,
Pofer 3G, Serbaco G33,
Systemic 3G
Pengorek batang
Eucosma sp. carbofuran
Cafuran 3G, Campaign
3G, Carbosip 3G, Tri-
Furan 3G
Anai-anai
Macrotermes sp. fipronil Regim 3G
Lelompat daun
Perkinsiella sp. carbofuran
Cafuran 3G, Kenfuran,
Kenfuran 3G, Serbaco
G33, Tri-Furan 3G
Pengorek batang
Phragmataecia sp. carbofuran Furadan, Serbaco
Pengorek batang
Proceras
sacchariphagus
carbofuran Agritox 3G, Furadan 3G
Pengorek batang
Proceras sp. carbofuran Cafuran 3G, Tri-Furan 3G
Tikus
Rattus
argentiventer
chlorophacinone Drat Bait
diphacinone Yasodion
warfarin Yasomin
Tikus
Rattus diardii chlorophacinone Drat Bait
Tikus
Rattus sp. warfarin
Tikumin 1000, Tikumin
500
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp. tetradifon Tedion V-18
Tanaman
Ladang
Siput
Achatina fulica metaldehyde
Racun siput berbutir,
Siputox, Snail Pellet
Lintah bulan
Deroceras sp. metaldehyde
Racun Siput Berbutir,
Snail Pellet
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Diseases Control
Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
rucifers
Infected leaves collapse,
turning dull grey-green
Leaf blight
Causal organism:
Rhizoctonia solani
Remove and burn infected
leaves. Thin out to reduce
humidity and leaf contact. When
planting in the nethouse, try to
avoid water and heat stress.
Pathogen usually attacks
leaves and young stem. Area
infected is covered with grey
sporangiosphores with black
heads.
Leaf rot
Causal organism:
Choanephora
cucurbitarum
Similar as above.
Dark brown spots with
concentratic rings (with darker
colour) on leaves.
Leaf spot
Causal organism:
Corynespora
casiicola
This disease is of minor
importance, but can reduce the
cosmetic value of vegetables. If
necessary, spray with fungicides.
Irregular yellow spots on
upper surface with
corresponding brown spots on
under surface of leaves.
Downy mildew
Causal organism:
Peronospora
parasitica
If necessary, spray with
fungicides.
Crucifers (cauliflower or brocolli)
Leaves rot till the entire plant
dies
Soft rot
Causal organism:
Erwinia caratovora
Practise crop rotation. Avoid
crop injury. Mulching would
reduce rain splashing and
damage on leaves. Insect control
reduces infection.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Crucifers
(cabbage)
V-shaped lesions on the leaves
and blackening of veins,
extending to the core.
Black rot
Causal organism:
Xanthomonas
campestris
Practise crop rotation. Remove
infected leaves. Disease is seed
borne, therefore, treat seeds
before sowing with hot water at
52oC for 30 minutes. Remove
plant residues to reduce
infection in the next season.
Core of cabbage rots, due to
soft or black rot
Heart rot
Causal organism:
Erwinia caratovora
or Xanthomonas
campestris
Similar as above.
Amaranths and
kangkung
Small, white blister on under
surface of leaf.
White blister /
white rust
Causal organism:
Albugo sp.
Remove and burn infected
leaves. Problem is more serious
during rainy season. If necessary,
spray undersides of leaves with
copper fungicides.
Amaranths
Infected leaves rot
Leaf rot
Causal organism:
Rhizoctonia sp.
Avoid over-crowding and over
watering. Plants should be spaced
properly.
Cangkok manis
On ratoon crop, shoots turn
yellow and defoliate. Necrosis
usually occurs on one side of
shoot.
Shoot dieback Remove all infected plants and
burn. Use separate knife for new
crop and ratoon crop, after
harvesting, sterilise knife in 10%
Chlorox. Select for resistant
varieties.
Cangkok manis
Dark brown target spots with
yellow halo
Target leaf spot
Causal organism:
Corynespora
cassiicola
If necessary, use fungicides.
Cucurbits
Numerous light brown spots
occur on leaf, leading to
leaves drying up
Downy mildew
Causal organism:
Pseudoperonospor
a cubensis
Use resistant or tolerant varieties.
If necessary, protect leaves with
fungicides.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Mosaic leaves patterns on
leaves and growth is stunted.
Fruits are malformed
Zuccini Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Destroy affected plants. Use
disease free seeds. Control of the
aphids (vector) is important.
White powdery spots on both
upper and lower surface of
leaves. When majority of
foliage is infected, plant is
weakened and fruit ripens
prematurely.
Powdery mildew
Causal organism:
Erysiphe
cichoracearum
Avoid over applying of Nitrogen.
In big planting, examine 5 mature
leaves once a week for powdery
mildew infection, and apply
fungicide when a single spot of
powdery mildew is first seen.
Bitter Gourd Irregular brown spots with
yellow margins on leaves
Leaf spot
Causal organism:
Corynespora sp.
Use fungicide if necessary.
Legumes
Plants become stunted and
wilt. The xylem tissues and
roots become discoloured
brown
Wilt
Causal organism:
Fusarium
oxysporum
Avoid planting long beans at
the same place where disease
was detected. Use only
tolerant varieties.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Circular, reddish brown
spots occur on leaves.
Leaf spot
Causal organism:
Cercospora sp.
Spray with fungicide if
necessary.
Affected leaves rot Leaf rot
Causal organism:
Rhizoctonia sp.
Spray with fungicide if
necessary
Brown pustules surrounded
by yellow halo develop on
leaves. The affected leaves
wither prematurely.
Leaf rust
Causal organism:
Uromyces
phaseolii
Use fungicide if necessary.
Legumes (Winged-bean)
Yellow-orange pustules on
undersurface of leaves and
pods. This disease is most
common on mature plants
False rust
Causal organism:
Uromyces
phaseoli
Remove affected plants.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Malvaceous (Lady’s Fingers)
Black mould occurs on
undersurface of leaf which
later turning yellow and
drying up
Leaf mould
Causal organism:
Cercospora
fuligena
Remove affected older leaves.
Maintain good growth.
Solanaceous Pale brown rot on fruit, stem and branches. Infected branch wilts
Blight Causal organism: Phomopsis sp.
Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Use seeds from disease-free plants. Practise crop rotation. Prune, remove and burn infected fruits and branches. Spray with copper fungicides.
Chilli
Sunken lesions are found on stalk and fruit and fungal spores are produced in concentric rings
Anthracnose Causal organism: Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes or C. capsici
Remove and burn infected fruits. Spray with fungicides if necessary.
Circular dark brown spots on leaves. When severely infected, the leaves can drop
Leaf spot Causal organism: Cercospora sp.
Maintain healthy plant growth.
Young leaves show mottling along veins with mosaic patterns. The leaves are stunted and crinkled
Virus Aphids are the vector. Control aphids. Use disease-free seeds. Intercrop with other crops such as maize as barriers.
Tomato and brinjal Sudden wilt occurs while leaves are still green.
Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Avoid planting at the places already infected with disease. Practise crop rotation. Sterilise soil before planting, if possible.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Tomato
Irregular crackling of skin near the fruit stalk
Regulate water and calcium uptake in plant. Use varieties that have less tendency to crack.
The blossom end of the fruit rots.
Regulate water and calcium uptake in plant.
Small brown spots are seen on leaves
Leaf spot Causal organism: Corynespora sp.
Maintain healthy plant growth.
Brinjal Sunken lesions can be seen on fruits. Fungal spores develop in concentric circles
Anthracnose Causal organism: Colletotrichum sp.
Use fungicides if necessary.
Lobak putih Tuber rots and leaves eventually wilt Practise crop rotation. The rot is more evident when plant is injured. Mulching would reduce rain splash and damage on leaves. Insect control reduces infection.
Ginger Affected plants wilt and leaves turn yellow and dry up, finally dying
Bacterial wilt Causal organism: Ralstonia solanacearum
Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Practise crop rotation. Avoid planting in the same infected area.
Yam Disease begins as purple-brown water-soaked lesions on the leaf. Lesions then enlarge, join together and eventually destroy the entire leaf in 10-20 days.
Leaf blight Causal organism: Phytophthora colocasiae
Use clean planting materials, avoid planting at high density, practise crop rotation and intercropping.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Tapioca Small brown spots occur on upper leaf surfaces. Under severe attack, the infected leaves become yellow, dry and die prematurely.
Brown leaf spot Causal organism: Cercospora sp.
Select healthy stem cuttings for planting.
Maize
Appearance of elongated spots on older leaves. Unlikely to cause severe damages unless it attacks during seedling or immature stage.
Leaf blight Causal organism: Drechslera maydis
Before sowing new crops, remove old maize debris. Practise crop rotation. Grow resistant or moderately resistant varieties.
The first symptom is occurrence of elongated and grey lesions on leaf sheaths. The lesions will then enlarge, the colour turn lighter and develop blackish-brown margins. On the parts attacked, brown and seed-like sclerotia will from. In severe infections, the rotting spreads to inner leaf sheaths. Disease is often serious during the first crop.
Sheath blight Causal organism: Rhizoctonia solani
Remove and burn infected leaves. Thin out to reduce humidity and leaf contact. Avoid water and heat stress. Spray with fungicides if necessary.
Gall-like swelling on the cobs and other above ground parts of the plant. Initially, the galls are silver white in colour, later it split to produce masses of dark brown to black spores.
Boil smut Causal organism: Ustilago maydis
Avoid heavy applications of nitrogenous fertilisers. Avoid physical damage to plants. As soon as the smut appears, remove and burn the galls.
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Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures
Initially, light, chlorotic areas appear on leaf surface, then become light orange-brown lesions, consisting of individual small cone-shaped pustules. When mature, they appear as bright-orange, always in clusters.
Leaf rust Causal organism: Puccinia graminis
The only practical control measure is through planting resistant varieties. Sweetcorn hybrids tend to be most susceptible.
Greyish, elongated lesions appear on leaf surfaces, and may also develop on sheaths, stalks, husks, ears and cobs.
Leaf blight Causal organism: Helminthosporium maydis
Plant resistant varieties. If necessary, use protective fungicidies.
Pale yellow to white stripes or streaks appear at the base of the 3rd to 6th oldest leaves. Plants may be distorted with small, poorly filled ears with mis-shapen tassels. Zinc deficiency predisposes plants to infection.
Downy mildew Causal organism: Peronosclerospora sacchari
Remove affected plant debris. Spray fungicide, if necessary.
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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The chemical control for each individual crop listed above is as follows:
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Crucifers
(Sawi Hijau)
Leaf blight
Rhizoctonia solani difenoconazole
Citara 10SC, Response 250,
Zesco 250
hexaconazole Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
flutolanil Moncut 15%EC
Leaf spot
Alternaria brassicae copper hydroxide
Camp DP
Leaf spot
Alternaria sp. difenoconazole
Citara 10SC, Respon 250,
Zesco 250
Crucifers
(Sawi Putih)
Leaf spot
Curluvaria sp. propineb
Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
Downy mildew
Peronospora
parasitica
metalaxyl-M + mancozeb
Ridomil G MZ 68 WP
Amaranths
(Bayam)
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum sp.
mancozeb Dithane GR
maneb CH Maneb
Downy mildew
Peronospora
parasitica
maneb
CH Maneb
Downy mildew
Peronospora sp. mancozeb
Agrozeb 80WP, Dithane GR,
D-Tane 80WP, Magamex M-
45, Mancozeb M-45,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP
Leaf blight
Rhizoctonia solani hexaconazole
Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
Leaf spot
Corynespora casiicola mancozeb
BM Mancozeb
White rust
Albugo occidentalis ziram
UCB Thionic WG
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp.
mancozeb
Agrozeb 80WP, BM
Mancozeb, Dithane M45,
Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow
SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,
Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Karbomate 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Miller M-
45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,
Spiro M-45, Trimanoc
80WP, Vondozeb 420
metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
maneb Trineb 80WP
Crucifers
(Kailan)
Leaf spot
Cercospora
brassicicola
propineb Antari 007, Antracol 70 WP
Leaf spot
Alternaria brassicae propineb
Antracol 70WP
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum sp.
Seedling blight
Phytophthora sp.
Downy mildew
Peronospora
parasitica
propineb Antracol 70 WP, Audix 70
WP, Vesta 700
Leaf blight
Rhizoctonia solani
hexaconazole
Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
Crucifers
(Brocolli)
Leaf spot
Alternaria brassicae
copper hydroxide Camp DP
Downy mildew
Peronospora
parasitica
Bacterial leaf spot
Xanthomonas
campestris
Chilli
Alternaria blight
Altenaria solani propineb Antracol 70 WP
Fruit rot
Altenaria sp. mancozeb Dithane GR
Botrytis rot
Botrytis cinerea iprodione Rovral
Leaf spot
Cercospora capsici propineb
Ancom propineb, Audix 70
WP, Foyer 70 WP, Haneb
70 WP, Vesta 700
difenoconazole
Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,
Boulder 25.0 EC, Coral 25.0
EC, Dawat, Fena 250,
Score, Sikor 250
copper hydroxide Camp DP
Leaf spot
Cercospora
cucurbitarium
chlorothalonil
Halex Thalonil 50 WP
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp. mancozeb
Agrozeb 80 WP, Blue
Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
Dithane M45, Dithane M45,
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane
80 WP, Euro SC, Grozeb
80WP, Karbomate 80WP,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb
80
carbendazim Benzim SC, Kazim SC,
Mero 50D, Myzim SC,
Occidor 42.5 SC, Vimax
50D, Zimlate SC
copper hydroxide Blue Shield
difenoconazole Citara 10 SC, Resspon 250,
Tekno 23.8EC, Zesco 250
chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500, Ke An Nin,
Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,
Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rover 500 FW, Sar-Tek
23 SC, Teconil 500, Viro 75
WG
thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70
maneb Trineb 80WP
Shoot blight
Choanephora
cucurbitarum
copper hydroxide Bluemax, Humibox GX37,
Kocide 101, Kocide 2000,
Kocide 4.5 LF, Parasol
chlorothalonil Delconac 500, Roconil 500,
Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS
trifloxystrobin Flint
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum capsici
mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, CH
Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane
80WP, Euro SC,
Mancothane 80WP,
Mancothane M-75WG,
Mancozeb M45, Manzate
200, MZ-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Sabero
M-75WG, Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
propineb
Ancom propineb, Antari
007, Antraneb, BCS
Propineb 70WP, Catalyst
70WP, Lontari, Pineb,
Sabre 70WP
chlorothalonil
Anconil, Daconil WP,
Daconil 500, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500, Etanil WP,
Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,
Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS, Rover
500 FW, Sar-Tek 23 SC,
Spectus 500, Teconil 500
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum capsici copper hydroxide
Blue shield, Bluemax,
Kocide 2000, Parasol
prochloraz zinc complex Carabin 50 WP
maneb CH Maneb
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250, Score,
Sikor 250
mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200
trifloxystrobin Flint
tebuconazole Folicur
thiophanate-methyl
Funong, Thiosin M-70,
Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,
Topsin M
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
copper sulphate Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP
clarified hydrophobic
extract of neem oil + d-
limonene
TripperAntracol WG
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
propineb Antracol WG
mancozeb
Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb
80WP, Red Mancozeb,
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80
carbendazim Derosal 50D
Powdery mildew
Leveillula taurica sulfur Uniflow sulfur
Fruit rot mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Phytophthora capsici 45, Blu Manzeb 80, BM
Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,
Comet M45, Cozeb-MZ,
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Dithane Yellow SC,
Emthane M-45, Encozeb M-
45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP,
Insure 80, Kencozeb M45,
Magamex M-45,
Mancothane 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Mancozeb
M45, Miller M-45, MZ-45,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb
80, Socozeb, Spiro M-45,
Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb
420
propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
propamocarb
hydrochloride
Bricur, Mocarb
copper hydroxide Camp DP, Humibox Gx37
chlorothalonil Conil 50 FW, Delcotac 500,
Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,
Rover 500 FW, Spectus 500
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
Phytopthora blight
Phytopthora sp. propineb Antracol 70WP
Seedling blight
Pythium sp. captan ACM captan 50%WP
propamocarb
hydrochloride Previcur N
Seedling blight
Pythium ultimum
propamocarb
hydrochloride Bricur, Mocarb
Root rot
Rhizoctonia sp. carbendazim Vimax 50D
Stem rot
Sclerotium rolfsii
Stem rot
Sclerotium sp. tolclofos-methyl Rizolex 50WP
Bacterial leaf blight
Xanthomonas
campestris
copper hydroxide Bluemax, Camp DP, Kocide
2000
Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Xanthomonas sp. cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
Maize
Leaf blight
Helminthosporium
maydis tebuconazole Folicur
Rust
Pucciana sorghi
Seedling blight
Pythium sp.,
Rhizoctonia sp.
thiram Imas-Thiram 80
Lady’s Fingers
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe
cichoracearum
sulfur Uniflow sulfur
Cucurbits (Cucumber)
Leaf spot
Altenaria sp.
mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb
80WP, Insure 80, Miller M-
45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Redmancozeb 80,
Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45
iprodione Rovral
carbendazim Vimax 50D
Leaf spot
Alternaria citrullina mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC
carbendazim D-Shield
Leaf spot
Alternaria cucumerina copper hydroxide Camp DP
Leaf spot
Cercospora citrullina
carbendazim Bastin 50WP, Crop-care
500 SC, Difotan 50, D-
Shield, Vimax 50D
mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Dithane
Yellow SC, Euro SC,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Redmancozeb 80, Redozeb
80
thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp.
mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
80WP
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lagenarium
mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
45, Blu Manzeb 80, CH
Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Magamex M-45, Mancozeb
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
95
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Red
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,
Disan 45, Dithane GR,
Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP,
Karbomate 80WP,
Penncozeb 80WP,
Sancozeb 80WP
propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,
Lontari, Vesta 700
carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim
50WP, Halex Carbendazim
50WP
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb
copper hydroxide Camp DP, Kocide 4.5 LF
chlorothalonil Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,
Daconil 500, Delcotac 500,
Dynam 500, Falcon 700,
Passport, Roconil 500,
Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS, Teconil
500
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70,
Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,
Top-Plus M70
difenoconazole Score
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum
mancozeb Cozeb-M45
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum sp.
mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
80WP
maneb CH Maneb
difenoconazole Respon 250, Zesco 250
chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG
Leaf spot
Corynespora citrulina chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Teconil 500
Powdery mildew hexaconazole Anvest, Anvil, Rostigo,
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
96
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Erysiphe
cichoracearum
Samprol, Vantil, Xzole 50
carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim
50WP, Derosal 50D, Halex
Carbendazim 50WP, D-
Shield, Vimax 50D
tridemorph Calixin
difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250
thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70, Topsin
M, Funong
sulfur Kumulus DF, Uniflow Sulfur
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe sp. carbendazim Mero 50D
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporium carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP
Root rot
Fusarium sp. chlorothalonil Passport, Rovaltac 50WP
Downy mildew
Peronospora cubensis trifloxystrobin Flint
cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706
Seedling blight
Phytophthora sp.
mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
45, Blu Manzeb 80,
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Magamex M-45, Mancozeb
M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Red
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,
Disan 45, Dithane GR,
Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP,
Karbomate 80WP,
Penncozeb 80WP, Cozeb-
M45, Dithane Yellow SC,
Mancozan M45, Red
Mancozeb 80, Trimanoc
80WP
metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
maneb Trineb 80WP
Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF, Kocide 2000,
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
97
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Pseudomonas
slachrymans
Bacterial leaf spot
Pseudomonas sp. copper hydroxide Camp DP
Downy mildew
Pseudomonas
cubensis
azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva
chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Daconil 2787,
Delcotac 500, Dynam 500,
Falcon 700, Passport,
Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,
Brightconil 75WP, Cha
Othanil, Daconil 720,
Daconil S, Ke An Nin,
Macconil 75WP
propineb Antracol 35WP, Audix
70WP, Vesta 700
carbendazim Benzim SC, Carflo 42 SC,
Kazim SC, Meizim 50WP,
Myzim SC, Zimec SC,
Zimlate SC
mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, CH
Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Disan 45, Dithane GR,
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Dithane Yellaw SC, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Magamex
M-45, Halex Mancozeb
80WP, Insure 80,
Karbomate 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Mancozeb
M-45, Manzate 200, Miller
M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb
80, Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro
M-45, Trimanoc 80WP,
Vondozeb 420, HM
Mancozeb 80WP
copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp
DP, Funguran-OH,
Humibox GX37, Kocide
2000, Kocide 4.5 LF,
Parasol
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
98
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
maneb BM Maneb, CH Maneb,
Trineb 80WP
metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ, Galaxy
58WP, Ridozeb 58WP,
Serbamil MZ 58WP, Teem
648
metalaxyl-M + mancozeb Ridomil GMZ68WP
copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper 85WP,
Coc 85
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
cymoxanil + mancozeb Edition 72WP, Vamos,
Pingo, Spaco
famoxadone + cymoxanil Equation
metalaxyl-M +
chlorothalonil
Folio G
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable
zineb Perosin 800
propamocarb + fosetyl Previcur 840
propamocarb
hydrochloride
Previcur N, Proplant
benalaxyl + mancozeb Tairel-M
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
parasitica
zineb Zinacol
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
sp.
mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
80WP
chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter
cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M
chlorothalonil Rover 500FW, Teconil 720,
Viro 75WG
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
syringae
copper hydroxide Camp DP
Stem rot
Rhizoctonia solani carbendazim
Bastin 50WP, Difotan 50,
Vimax 50D
benomyl Benex, Besuto, Mendate
50WP
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
99
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Stem rot
Sclerotium rolfsii
carbendazim Vimax 50D
Powdery mildew
Sphaerotheca fuligena trifloxystrobin Score
Powdery mildew
Sphaerotheca sp.
difenoconazole Reexpon 250, Zesco 250
Cucurbits
(Pumpkin)
Leaf spot
Altenaria sp
mancozeb Insure 80, Miller M-45,
Spiro M-45
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lagenarium
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80WP
mancozeb Euro SC, Insure 80,
Mancozan M45, Miller M-
45, Penncozeb 80WP,
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe
cichoracearum
tridemorph Calixin
maneb Trineb 80WP
Root rot
Phytophthora sp.
mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb
80WP, Spiro M-45,
Trimanoc 80WP
metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
maneb Trineb 80WP
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
cubensis
maneb BM Maneb
mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb
80WP, Manzate 200,
Trimanoc 80WP
metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
Brinjal
Leaf spot
Alternaria solani
copper hydroxide
Camp DP
Leaf spot
Cercospora capsici
Fruit rot
Phytophthora capsici
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora
parasitica
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora sp.
maneb CH maneb, Trineb 80WP
Leaf spot propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
100
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Curvularia sp.
Legumes (Long bean)
Ascochyta blight
Ascochyta
phaseolorum
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
Leaf spot
Cercospora canescens
mancozeb
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Euro SC, Halex Mancozeb
80 WP, Karbomate 80 WP,
Mancozan M45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80 WP,
Penncozeb 80 WP,
Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
carbendazim Vimax 50 D
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp
propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
difenoconazole Dawat
tebuconazole Folicur
Shoot blight
Choanephora sp. copper hydroxide
Funguran-OH, Parasol
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lagenarium
mancozeb
Encozeb M-45, Vondozeb
420
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum
mancozeb
Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb
M-45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane
M45, Dithane NT, Euro SC,
Insure 80, Karbomate
80WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80 WP,
Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro
M-45
propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
metiram BASF Metiram,
Polyram WG
maneb BM Maneb
carbendazim Derosal 500, Mero 50 D,
Vimax 50 D
zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
800, Zinacol
copper oxychloride Oxytox 84, Pipertox 84.0
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
101
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
chlorothalonil
Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,
Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum sp. mancozeb
Agrozeb 80 WG, Dithane
GR, D-Tane 80 WP,
Magamex M-45, Mancozeb
M-45, Sancozeb 80 WP
difeconazole Dawat
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe poligoni
tridemorph Calixin
difenoconazole Dawat
Powdery mildew
Oidium sp.
sulfur Uniflow Sulfur
Seedling blight
Pythium sp.
mancozeb Halex mancozeb 80 WP,
HM Mancozeb 80 WP
Rust
Uromyces
appendiculates
mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob MX
80, Blucozeb M-45, Cozeb-
M45, Dithane GR, Dithane
M45, Dithane NT, D-Thane
80 WP, Encozeb M-45,
Euro SC, Insure 80,
Karbomate 80 WP,
Magamex M-45, Mancozan
M45, Manzate 200, Miller
M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP,
Sancozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-
45, Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
propineb Antracol 35 WP
difenoconazole Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,
Boulder 25.0 EC, Caral 25.0
EC, Dawat, Perano 250,
Score
metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram
WG
copper hydroxide Bluemax, Funguran-OH,
Kocide 2000, Parasol
copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copcide
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Rovaltac SC,
Rovaltac SC, Teconil 500
zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
102
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
800, Zinacol
copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable
oxycarboxin Plantvax
trifloxystrobin Score
Rust
Uromyces sp.
propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
maneb BM Maneb
difenoconazole Resppon 250, Tekno 23.8EC,
Zesco 250
chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG
myclobutanil Systhane
Rust
Uromyces vignae hexaconazole Anvil
mepronil Basitac
tebuconazole Folicur
Legumes (French bean)
Ascochyta blight
Ascochyta
phaseolorum
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP
Leaf spot
Cercospora canescens
mancozeb Euro SC, Karbomate 80 WP,
Pencozeb 80 WP, Trimanoc
80 WP, Vondozeb 420,
Mancozan M45
carbendazim Vimax 50 D
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp. propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
difenoconazole Fena 250
tebuconazole Folicur
Shoot blight
Choanephora sp. copper hydroxide Funguran-OH
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lagenarium
mancozeb Vondozeb 420
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum
mancozeb Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb
M-45, Cozeb-M45, Euro
SC, Insure 80, Karbomate
80WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80
WP, Spiro M-45, Encozeb
M-45
chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Etarul WP,
Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,
Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
103
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
propineb Antraneb, Audix 70 WP,
Pineb, Vesta 700
maneb BM Maneb
carbendazim Derosal 50 D, Mero 50 D,
Vimax 50 D,
zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
800, Zinacol
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe poligoni difenoconazole Fena 250
Powdery mildew
Oidium sp. sulfur Uniflow Sulfur
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora
phaseoli copper hydroxide Camp DP
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
syringae
Bacterial blight
Pseudomonas
phaseolicola
copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF
Bacterial blight
Pseudomonas sp. copper hydroxide Kocide 101
Rust
Uromyces
appendiculates
mancozeb
Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob
MX80, Blucozeb M-45,
Cozeb M-45, D-Tane 80
WP, Encozeb M-45, Euro
SC, Insure 80, Karbomate
80 WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80
WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc
80 WP, Vondozeb 420
propineb Antracol 35 WP
copper hydroxide
Bluemax, Funguran-OH,
Humbox GX37, Kocide
2000, Kocide 4.5 LF
copper oxychloride Coc
difenoconazole Fena 250, Perano 250,
Score
zineb Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,
Zinacol
oxycarboxin Plantvax
Rust tebuconazole Folicur
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
104
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Uromyces vignae
Bacterial leaf spot
Xanthomonas
campestris
copper hydrocide Camp DP
Bacterial blight
Xanthomonas
phaseoli
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101, Kocide 4.5 LF
Tomato Brown spot
Alternaria alternata chlorothalonil Kenconil 500
Alternaria blight
Alternaria solani
captan ACM Captan 50%WP,
Criptan 50WP
mancozeb
Agrozeb 80WP, Ancozeb,
BG Ancozeb 80, Blue
Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Disan 45, Dithane M45,
Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow
SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Halex
Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Carbomate 80WP,
Kenkozeb, Kenkozeb M45,
Ken-Manco, Miller M-45,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Procozeb Code 45, Red
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,
Socozeb, Spiro M-45
propineb
Ancom Propineb, Antari
007, Antracol 35WP,
Antracol 70WP, BCS
Propineb 70WP, Catalyst
70WP, Lontari, Sabri 70WP
difenoconazole Attila, Dawat, Fena 250,
Sikor 250, Sonata
copper hydroxide
Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp
DP, Kocide 101, Kocide
2000, Kocide 4.5LF, Parasol,
Humibox GX37, Funguran-
OH
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
105
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
chlorothalonil
Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,
Daconil 720, Daconil S,
Dynam 500, Falcon 700,
Farmconil 500, Farmon 500,
Halex Thalonil 50WP,
Passport, Proconil 500,
Rovoltac 50WP, Rovoltac
SC, Rovoltac SPS, Rover
500FW, Spectus 500, Viro
75WG, Odyssey 500
chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter
copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copside, Copper
85WP, Coppertol 870
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
tebuconazole Fulicur
zineb Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,
Zinacol
copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable
flutriafol Pointer
iprodione Rovral
trifloxystrobin Score
ziram Thionic 80WP, Thionic WDG
clarified hydrophobic
extract of neem oil + d-
limonene
Tripper
carbendazim Vimax 50D
Alternaria blight
Alternaria sp. metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram WG
maneb CH Maneb
difenoconazole Citara 10SC, Zesco 250,
Resspon 250, Tekno 23.8EC
cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M, Pingo, Vamos
mancozeb
Dithane GR, Magamex M-
45, Mancozeb M-45,
Sancozeb 80WP
chlorothalonil Teconil 720
cymoxanil + mancozeb Vamos
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
106
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
Botrytis rot
Botrytis cinerea carbendazim
Bastin 50WP, Carben-50,
Cropdazim 50WP, Derosal
50D, D-Shield
thiophanate-methyl Funong, Rally, To-Plaz M70,
Top-Plus M70, Topsin M
iprodione Rovral
Botrytis rot
Botrytis sp.
carbendazim
Bavistin FL, Crop-Care
500SC, Difotan 50, Halex
Carbendazim 50WP, Mero
50D, Occidor 42.5SC, Vimax
50D
Leaf mildew
Cercospora fuligena chlorothalonil Brightconil 75WP, Macconil
75WP
carbendazim Halex Carbendazim 50WP
mancozeb Karbomat 80WP
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp. mancozeb
Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
45, Cozeb-M45, Encozeb M-
45, Vitazeb 88
Leaf mildew
Cladosporium fulvum carbendazim
Bastin 50WP, Cakera 50WP,
Derosal 50D, Difotan 50,
Rapture 50WP, Vimax 50D
mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC
Leaf mildew
Cladosporium sp. carbendazim D-Shield, Mero 50D
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum capsici
mancozeb
Blue Manzeb 80, BM
Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,
Comet M45, Dithane M45,
Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Halex
mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomat
80WP, Mancothane 80WP,
Mancozan M45, MZ-45,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Penncozeb 80WP, Red
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,
Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb
420
carbendazim Carben-50, Cropdazim
50WP, D-Shield, Halex
Carbendazim 50WP
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
107
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
chlorothalonil Delcotac 500, Proconil 500,
Roconil 500
copper hydroxide Parasol
metalxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
Thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70
maneb Trineb 80WP
Fruit rot
Colletotrichum
phomoides
mancozeb Blue Manzeb, BM
Mancozeb, Grozeb 80WP,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb,
carbendazim Cakera 50WP, Rapture
50WP
chlorothalonil Odyssey 500, Spectus 500
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum sp.
mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane GR,
Encozeb M45, Insure 80,
Magamex M-45, Mancozeb
M-45, Miller M-45,
Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro M-
45, Vitazeb 88
propineb Antracol 70WP
carbendazim Bavistin FL, Derosal 50D,
Occhidor 42.5SC, Vimax
50D
Leaf spot
Corynespora casiicola
chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil 720,
Delcotac 500, Roconil,
Teconil 500
Leaf spot
Corynespora sp. chlorothalonil Teconil 720
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP
Downy mildew
Peronospora sp. cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora
infestans
captan ACM Captan 50%WP,
Criptan 50WP,
mancozeb
Agrozeb 80WP, Ancob
MX80, Blucozeb M-45, Blue
Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Cozeb-M45, Disan 45,
Dithane Yellow SC
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
108
Type of
Vegetables
Disease and Causal
Organism
Active Ingredient
of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical
azoxystrobin Amistar
chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Brightconil
75WP, Conil 50 FW, Daconil
500, Daconil 720, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500,
propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,
BCS Propineb 70WP,
Metiram BASF Metiram
Copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Bluemax, Camp
DP
maneb BM Maneb
Metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ,
Chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter
Copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper
85WP,Coppertol 870,
Coprantol 870,
Tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
Mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200
Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
109
Section IV – Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting
1.0 Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting
Project implementation involves not only field supervision but also includes
monitoring and reporting, evaluation and record-keeping. The responsibility for
project supervision lies at all levels of the DOA organization, starting from the
project level, through to the Station, Subdistrict, District, Divisional and HQ
levels. The centres for monitoring and reporting at the HQ, Divisional and
District levels of DOA organization are their respective Unit Perolehan dan
Bekalan (UPB). The UPB is expected to perform the role of Scheme/project and
Project Secretariat, coordinating the management of project and scheme
information at their respective levels.
An effective monitoring and reporting system is a critical part of
scheme/project supervision Regular reports on physical and financial progress
are essential. The monitoring formats are specific and format below are
recommended to be used:
a) Monthly Work Reports of Project Supervisor
b) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Project/Scheme by
Project Supervisor (PS)/Area Staff (AS)
c) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Program by District and
Divisional UPB
d) Annual Assessment Reports by SAAO/AAO
Proper records must be maintained and updated for the implementation of
schemes and projects. The detailed records are to be kept at the District level.
The PS/AS will have the primary responsibility for keeping the current
scheme/project records. The main records to be maintained at the
District/Sub-District level include.
a) Register of Project/Scheme Application
b) Schedule of Recommended/Approved, Reserve and Rejected list
c) Project File
d) Project/Scheme record card
The individual Project File shall be used to keep copies of the following
records:
a) Project application form
b) Letter of approval, Letter of Acceptance by the participant
c) Project development plan
d) Project Annual Operational Plan (AOP) & budget
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e) Reminder and warning notice
f) Certificate of Withdrawal, transfer and cancellation
g) Project Record Card
h) Acknowledgment Receipts of project materials
i) Other correspondence relating to specifically to the project.
Regular checks must be carried out by the UPB at District, Divisional and HQ
levels on the project/scheme Record Cards.
Details of Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting are as spelt out in the Operation
Manual for Crop Planting Programmes.
Section V – Farm Inputs Procurement and Delivery
To follow procedures designed by the Procurement and Supply Unit (PSU) HQ.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMME
Based on the funds allocated in the year 2011 (taking the allocation in year 2011 as
yearly average figure), a total of about 3,080 participants from various categories of
the industry are expected to benefit from the Agricultural Diversification Programme
in the 10 MP.
The benefits of the Agricultural Diversification Programme are as follows:-
(1) Create direct investment opportunity to agropreneurs & private sectors
interested in the food production programme
(2) Optimise land use for food production
(3) To maximize food production by adopting modern agricultural technology, such
as nethouse vegetable production system.
(4) The nethouse system will ensure a continuous supply of quality pesticide-safe
vegetables for the local market.
(5) This program is expected to benefit about 480 vegetables farm families. This
can increase farmers net income to RM 2,000 per ha per month (nethouse
crucifer vegetable).
(6) This program will help to ensure a stable price of fresh vegetables for the
consumers
(7) The volume of imported vegetables will be reduced and at the same time the
export value of indigenous vegetables will contribute to the State economy.
(8) Uplifting of the socio-economic status of ADP participants and at the same time
contributing towards stable income.
(9) Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities for farming community
(10) With the Federal assistance, the Department Of Agriculture Sarawak will be able
to increase its food production programme in the State. In the 10 MP, the Dept.
will accelerate the process of agriculture transformation from its present small
scale production to that of market oriented commercial food production in
order to stay competitive.
(11) This ADP is one of the strategies to diversify the economic base of the small
holder farmers. This will help to reduce the poverty rate in the State. This can
be achieved by providing opportunities for them to be involved in the
commercial planting of vegetable, field crops, perennials and herbs & spices.
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Summary of the Details of Expected Participants, Physical Target & Budgeting for
different components
No. Components
Value
per ha
(RM)
Expected no
of
participants
Expected
physical
target (ha)
Location
Expected
budget
(RM)
1 Nethouse 168,000 75 7.5 1,260,000
2 Organic
vegetables 32,000 25 25 800,000
3 Open system
(VCS / SALM) 21,000 40 20 420,000
4 Open system
(non-VCS/
SALM)
13,500 300 200 2,700,000
5 Open system
(indigenous) 15,000 40 20 300,000
6 Field crops 5,000 800 410 2,050,000
7 Perennial
crops 5,000 800 440 2,200,000
8 Herbs and
spices 3,700 1,000 540 1,998,000
Total 3080 1,662.5 11,728,000
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Appendix 2
Summary of Project Size
The maximum and minimum project size entitled for each applicant is very much
influenced by the types of programme components. The general guidelines are as
indicated in the table below:
Minimum and Maximum of Project Size:
No Programme Components Eligibility per participant (Ha)
Minimum Size Maximum Size
1
Vegetables Planting Projects
(i) Nethouse Production System
{(33m x 33m) = 0.1 ha.} 0.1 0.2
(ii) Organic Vegetables (SOM) 0.5 2.0
(iii) Open System (VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0
(iv) Open System (non VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0
(v) Open System (Indigenous
vegetables) 0.5 2.0
2 Field Crop Planting Project 0.5 2.0
3 Perennial Planting Project 0.5 2.0
4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project 0.5 1.0
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Appendix 3a
Drawing Design of Compost Shed
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Appendix 3b
Sketch Drawing of Nethouse
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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
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Appendix 3c
Nethouse Specifications
A) Materials
1. Net mesh transparent/ colourless net
Mesh sizes; 16 x 16; 24 x 24; 32 x 32
2. Recommend HDPE with UV resins stabilized
3. Net length 100 ft/200 ft x 12 ft wide HDPE
4. HDPE Black Cord 1.8 mm, 4 mm (or steel cable of equivalent strength)
5. Sawn hardwood posts: 3-4” x 4” x 12 ft or equivalents eg: pepper post
6. 3-4 ft x 3-4 “ x 3-4” wooden stakes for reinforcement slanting net at sides
7. Used plastic containers for covering post-ends
B) Nethouse Standards
1. Unit size: Box shape : Height x width x length of nethouse – 10 ft (H) x 96 ft (W)
x 100 ft (approx. 30 m x 30 m) (Sarawak standard)
2. Slanting net at sides with ends buried 1 ft in grounf
3. Doors: Double net door 3-4 ft x 3-4 ft: open outside for exterior dooe and open
inwards for interior door –Stitching
4. Siting: well drain flat to gentle hill slope with friabe soils
5. Net mesh: 16 x `6; 24 x 24; 32 x 32
6. Strainer peg: 3-4” x 3-4” x 3-4 ft wooden peg
7. Drain: Open drains 1ft x 0.5-1 ft
8. Bed size: 1.2 m wide x 16 m long
9. Stitch net using 1.8 mm black cord as in sewing
10. Irrigation: sprinkler / tape / mist / spray
11. Cropping system: All in all out (All/none system)
12. Crop rotation and fallow: rotational with resting/ fallow period: 14 days or more
13. Cultivation: To comply with MS-GAP
C) Installation of Structure Netting
1. Erect and position of the post according to plan as in figure 1 below
2. Tie and tighten all the supporting UV wire for all the post structures before
install the netting (Fig. 2,3, & 4)
3. Tie and tighten PV rope (4mm) across the top roofing with 25 ft distance
4. Use 8 roll netting for roofing, 1.8 mm PV rope for sewing netting before install
to the top roofing.
5. Use 4 roll netting for wall and door, bury the end of the netting into the
ground.
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Appendix 4
FARM ACCREDITED SCHEME OF MALAYSIA
Skim Amalan Ladang Baik Malaysia ( SALM )
INTRODUCTION
SALM is a national program implemented by Department of Agriculture to recognize
and accredited farms which adopts good agricultural practices (GAP), operated in an
environmentally friendly way and yielding products that are of quality, safe and
sustainable for human consumption.
The SALM Standard on GAP is a document that sets out performance levels of
agricultural production, which must be achieved and are encouraged among the
producers. It is designed to encourage producers to go through the following
practices: (a) understand the current situation on the ground relative to the
performance levels they are required to meet, (b) planning how to get from the
current to the future situation, (c) implementing the plans to conform to the
requirements of the standard, (4) monitoring whether the plans are being
implemented and whether they are working. The rules of the standard are not
prescriptive approaches to manage agricultural production but rather an approach
which combines defined performance targets with the freedom for users to decide
themselves how to achieve the target.
The SALM Standard of GAP is essentially based on the Malaysian Standard MS 1784 :
2005 Crop Commodities – Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In addition, the SALM
Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are derived from: (a) specific legal
provisions of national laws to control the hazards that impact the environment, food
safety and worker‟s health and safety, and (2) EurepGAP Protocol for Fruits and
Vegetables that are not defined in MS-GAP.
PROCESS OF ACCREDITATION
Accreditation is achieved through visitations by inspectors/auditors to the participating
farms. The inspectors/auditors inspect the farms and evaluate the farming practices
carried out by the farmer to manage his farms. All the farming practices must conform
to the stipulated conditions imposed by standards, guidelines and regulations currently
in place under SALM Standard.
FORMS OF RECOGNITION
The inspectors/auditors make recommendation to the State/National SALM Committee
which farms are eligible be given recognition on the GAP. Farms conforming to the
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stipulated conditions will receive a certificate of official recognition. In other words,
the producers are allowed to affix seals of quality (SALM) on their products destined
for domestic and international markets.
SCOPE OF EVALUATION
During their visit to the farms, inspectors/auditors will evaluate three major aspects,
covering different conditions of conformance before a farm is accredited. Most of the
conditions evaluated are similar to those listed under MS 1784 Crop Commodities-
Good Agricultural Practices, EUREGAP Protocol for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and the
CODEX Code of Hygienic Practices for Primary Production and Packaging of Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables.
The three aspects are conditions relating to (a) the environmental setting of a farm, (b)
farmer‟s adherence to good agricultural practices and (c) safety of the produces. Data
and information required for the purpose of this evaluation are sourced from site
investigations, farm records, field observations, interview the farmer, and through
sampling of products for analysis.
ELEMENTS EVALUATED UNDER SALM STANDARD
1. Environmental Setting of the Farm
- Legality of the farm
- Altitude above sea level
- Previous use or history of the land
- Soil type and suitability of the farm
- Slope and terrain of the farm
- Soil erosion risk factor
- Source and quality of irrigation water and farm use
- Source and distances from pollution centers.
2. Verifications of Farm Practices
- Farm records of activities undertaken
- Soil and substrate preparation and management (including soil fumigation, if
any)
- Selection of planting materials (variety, root stock, clones, etc)
- Crop nutrition or fertilizer program
- Crop pest management system (pesticides usage, IPM, etc)
- Harvesting techniques and field transport
- Post harvest treatment, grading and packaging
- Storage of farm inputs and products
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- Farm waste disposal system (empty pesticide containers and other non-
degradeble products)
- Farm workers legal status, welfare and safety training of farm operatives
3. Safety of Farm Products
Physical and chemical analysis of ex-farm gate produces covering:
Physical quality of produce such as appearance, infestation from pests and
taste.
Levels of pesticide residue in the produce covering groups such as
dithiocarbamates, organo-chlorine, organo-phosphates and synthetic
pyrethroids
Contamination of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium
THE MAJOR MUST OF ACCREDITATION FOR A FARM UNDER SALM STANDARD
The minimum standards of conditions that must be fulfilled before accreditation is
given to the farm are as follows:
1. The farm is a legal entity.
2. The farm has a soil inspection report.
3. The soil and terrain is suitable for the intended crop.
4. The farm is situated at an elevation less than 1000 meters above sea level.
However, exemption is given to the farms operated before 2002.
5. The farm practices sound soil conservation measures.
6. The farm maintains up-to-date records of activities (17 types, using forms JP
BEST 4(1-17).
7. Sewage or industrial sludge is not permitted for fertilization.
8. Genetically modified planting materials are not permitted.
9. The pesticides used are legally registered by the Pesticide Boards.
10. The farm practices integrated pest management (IPM).
11. The farm possesses a proper storage area for pesticides and fertilizers.
12. The farm workers use personal protective clothing when applying pesticides.
13. The farm possesses a proper waste disposal plan.
14. The farm practices good harvesting techniques, handling and transport.
15. The farm employs worker that are legal, with ages more than 16 years.
16. Pesticide residues in the farm produce are less than the Maximum Residue
Limits (MRL) of Schedule 16 of the Food Act 1983.
17. Contents of heavy metal below the permissible limits of Schedule 14 of the
Food Act, 1983.
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Appendix 5
MALAYSIAN ORGANIC SCHEME (SOM)
Introduction
Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program implemented by
Department of Agriculture to recognize farms which cultivate crops organically
according to the criteria and requirements spelt out in SOM Standard.
The Standard of Organic Agriculture for SOM is essentially based on the Malaysian
Standard, MS 1529:2001 – The production, proc essing, labeling and marketing of plant
based organically produced foods.
In addition to this, the SOM Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are
derived from specific legal provisions of national laws to control the hazards that
impact the environment, food safety, workers‟ health and safety.
Basis for certification of organic farm.
The SOM Standard applies to farms of unprocessed plants and plant products which
are intended to carry a descriptive labeling referring to organic production methods. It
does not cover the downstream processed products which are derived from
unprocessed plants and plant products.
Certification for organic production under SOM is attained if the farm confirms to the
requirements of SOM Standard. The requirements of the SOM Standard are listed
below.
1. Traceability
Organic produce shall be traceable to the farm where it has been originally
produced. In other words, the produce shall be tagged and labelled prior to the
delivery to the marketing outlets.
2. Record keeping
All records kept by the farm shall be up to date and maintained, with all
esswential elements captured. The farm record shall include:
Area palted and types of crops
Purchased and usage of farm inputs
Maintenance of machine and equipment
Crop yield, total production and sale
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3. General production management
Cultivation shall be carried out in accordance to land, soil, water, fertility and
pesticide management to avoid a negative impact on crops, land quality and the
environment.
4. Responsibility for organic integrity
Operators are responsible for the integrity of their organic production and
products throughout the entire chain of custody within the scope of their
management.
5. Conversion period from conventional farming to organic farming
Farms must undergo a conversion period at least two years of organic
production from conventional farming and at least one year for virgin jungle
and organic farming.
6. Buffer crop and buffer distance
Operators shall take action to prevent or minimize the risk of contamination of
prohibited or undesirable materials used on lands next to registered organic
fields or crops.
7. Land and soil management
Farm layout should be prepared for the farm, which can then be used to plan
rotations, planting and growing programs. Operators shall take reasonable and
appropriate measures to minimize loss of topsoil through minimal tillage,
contour plowing, crop selection, mainrenance of cover crops and other
management practices that conserve soil.
8. Water management
Operators shall take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the
pollution of ground and surface water. Organic handlers shall install systems
that permit the responsible use and recycling of water without pollution or
conatamination either by chemicals, or b animal or human pathogens.
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9. Crop production
Use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products thereof is
prohibited in all aspects of organic production and handling without exception.
Seeds and vegetative reproductive material should be from plants grown in
accordance with the provisions of this standard for at least one generation or in
the case of perennial crops, two growing seasons.
10. Handling, packaging, transporting and storage of produce
Waste from handling shall be managed so as to have minimum effect on the
environment. Where appropriate, organic waste shall be used for nutrient
recycling in production fields. Organic producde shall not be kept in containers,
packaging or wrapping material in which conventional produce have previously
been kept, unless these have been carefully cleaned. Transportation of organic
products shall not be done together with non-organic products unless they can
be clearly identified and labelled, separated and adequate measures are in place
to prevent contamination or mixing. Operators shall be responsible for all
storage and handling within and outside the operator‟s unit up to the time of
sale. Organic products must be protected and labelled at all times from co-
mingling with non-organic products.
11. Workers’ health, safety and welfare
Workers and operators should receive basic training in hygiene requirements
for the handling of organic produce. First Aid Box shall be available at
permanent sites on the farm. Workers shall have access to clean toilet and
washing facioities in the viinity of their work. They shall be made aware of the
requirement should they contract any tranferable diseases, which may render
them unfir to work in the vicinity of produce destined for human consumption.
12. Analysis of produce
All products shall be analysed for pesticide residue and heavy metal content.
Similarly, water for irrigation and post harvest washing shall be analysed for
contamination.
13. Waste management
Having identified wastes and pollutants, a plan shoul;d be developed and
implemented to avoid or reduce wastage and pollution. Whenever possible,
avoid land filling or burning, the wastes should be recyled through composting.
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14. Record of complaints
Records of complaints on all produce not in compliance with the requirements
in the SOM Standard and their remedial actions shall be made avcailable on the
site.
Benefits of SOM
Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labelled as
organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM)
on all of his products. Labelled as such, the products may be marketed as organic
produce at appropriate prices.
The scheme give assurance the consumers that organic products purchased are
actually organically produced and do not contain unwanted chemical residues. In the
absence of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in organic farming, contamination to
environment and cases of worker poisoning are drastically reduced.
Who can participate?
The scheme is open to all growers who are engaged in the primary production of fresh
organic produce. The APLICATION FORM and the SOM Standard may be obtained
from:
Secretariat,
Malaysian organic Scheme (SOM),
Agriculture Research Centre Semonggok
Department of Agriculture
Kuching, Sarawak
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Appendix 6
Organic Farming
Introduction
The environmental cost incurred through modern, chemical-intensive farming are no
longer acceptable. Rampant pesticide use, soil depletion and genetic homogenization
of crops threaten the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we depend on
for food and habitat. Organic, sustainable agriculture is a realistic and necessary
alternative to those practices.
Organic farming is production system which evades the use of synthetic (inorganic)
fertilizers and pesticides. Apart from this, the farmer also takes steps to protect the
environment and conserve biodiversity. Compost, animal wastes, leguminous plants,
green manure and organic fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility and plant
growth. Mechanical and physical methods as well as cultural practices including
rotational cropping and biological control are used to tackle the problem of pests,
diseases and weeds. Therefore, the products from systematic organic farms are safe
from undesirable chemical pesticide residues.
In the supermarkets, you can see that there are fruits and vegetables labeled “organic”.
Both the organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables look fresh and plump, but the
organic food costs almost twice as much. Then, you ask a question, can I trust the label
“organic food”? Only the fruits and vegetables which have been produced by a
certified organic farm can be labeled as organic.
Certification of Organic Farm
Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program which is implemented by
DOA Sarawak, to accredit the farmer who operates his farm in compliance with the
standard conditions set by the national organic standard, MS 1529:2001. The standard
sets out guidelines concerning:
suitability of planting site,
transition period from conventional to organic system production,
pesticide residue and heavy metal,
crop buffer and buffer zone
soil fertility management,
good water management,
use of seed and plant materials,
use of fertilizers, soil conditioners, and pest and disease control measures,
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management of weeds, pests and diseases,
wrapping, storage and transport of farm products,
direct sale, and
record keeping.
Farm inspection is carried out by the inspector from DOA and the decision to certify
whether a farm is organic or not is made by a Certification Committee comprising of
members from various government departments/agencies.
Organic Products
Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labeled as
organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Organik Malaysia on all of his
products. Labeled as such, the products may be marketed as organic products at
appropriate prices.
The consumer is assured that organic products that he buys are truly organic and safe
from undesirable chemical residues as they have been produced in compliance with
the national organic standard (SOM).
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Appendix 7
Bayam (Chinese Spinach) - Kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Anggaran kos pengeluaran bayam/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 8 cm x 10 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari tenaga* Kos (RM)
Biji benih1 280.00 - - 280.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 4 100.00 100.00
Membaja2 2 132.00 6 150.00 2 282.00
Merumput - 10 250.00 250.00 Menjarang - 14 350.00 350.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit3 390.59 4 100.00 490.59
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air4 100.00 - - 100.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 50.00 - - 50.00
enjin pam air5
Memungut hasil - 60 1 500.00 1 500.00
Jumlah kecil 3 652.59 98 2 450.00 6 102.59
Cukai tanah6 1.52 - - 1.52
Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 116.67 - - 116.67
Pam air 6.67 - - 6.67 Enjim pam air 43.33 - - 43.33 Penyembur galas 3.33 - - 3.33
Cangkul 1.20 - - 1.20 Stor dan bangsal 41.67 - - 41.67
Jumlah kecil 214.39 - - 214.39
Jumlah besar 3 866.98 98 2 450.00 6 316.98 Nota: 1Benih 7kg @ RM40.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM 1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t Baja daun 4 L @ RM10.00/L Kapur (GML) 4 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 41 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
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51 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 61 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00 Pendapatan
Anggaran pendapatan daripada bayam/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM0.80 kg RM0.85/kg RM0.90/kg
Rendah Kasar 9600.00 10200.00 10800.00
(12 000) Bersih 3283.02 3883.02 4483.02
Buruh keluarga 5733.02 6333.02 6933.02
Sederhana Kasar 11200.00 11900.00 12600.00
(14 000) Bersih 4883.02 5583.02 6283.02
Buruh keluarga 7333.02 8033.02 8733.02
Tinggi Kasar 12000.00 12750.00 13500.00
(15 000) Bersih 5683.02 6433.02 7183.02
Buruh keluarga 8133.02 8883.02 9633.02
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Appendix 8
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung sayur/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 30 cm x 11 cm Kepadatan : 160 000 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 50 hari selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga
Tenaga keluarga Jumlah
kos (RM) Hari tenaga*
Kos (RM)
Biji benih1 78.00 - - 78.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Mengapur 420.00 1 25.00 445.00
Menanam (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00
Membaja2 1802.00 9 225.00 2027.00
Merumput3 160.00 8 200.00 360.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 200.00 5 125.00 325.00
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 167.00 - - 167.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 83.50 - - 83.50
enjin pam air6 Memungut hasil,mengupas,memotong dan membungkus - 20 500.00 500.00
Jumlah kecil 3860.50 63 1575.00 5435.5
Cukai tanah7 2.53 - - 2.53
Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 194.83 - - 194.83 Pam air 11.13 - - 11.13
Enjim pam air 72.37 - - 72.37 Penyembur galas 5.57 - - 5.57
Cangkul 2.00 - - 2.00 Stor dan bangsal 69.58 - - 69.58 Jumlah kecil 358.01 - - 358.01
Jumlah besar 4218.51 63 1575.00 5793.51 Nota: 1Benih 65kg @ RM1.20/kg 2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg +TE 12:12:17+ TE), 0.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Urea 0.26 t @ RM700.00/t Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 11L @ RM58.00/4L (RM14.50/L) 4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 51.67 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 61.67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 71.67 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00
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Anggaran pendapatan daripada jagung sayur/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM2.50 kg RM3.25/kg RM4.00/kg
Rendah Kasar 37500.00 48 750.00 60 000.00
(15 000) Bersih 31 706.49 42 956.49 54 206.49
Buruh keluarga 33 281.49 44 534.49 55 781.49
Sederhana Kasar 50 000.00 65 000.00 80 000.00
(20 000) Bersih 44 806.49 59 206.49 74 206.49
Buruh keluarga 45 781.49 60 781.49 75 781.49
Tinggi Kasar 62500.00 81 250.00 100 000.00
(25 000) Bersih 56 706.49 75 456.49 94 206.49
Buruh keluarga 58 281.49 77 031.49 95 781.49
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Appendix 9 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Bendi/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 100 cm x 100 cm Kepadatan : 12 500 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 45 hari selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari tenaga* Kos (RM)
Biji benih1 180.00 - - 180.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 15 375.00 375.00
Menjarang - 2 50.00 50.00
Membaja (4 kali) dan mengapur2 2660.00 6 150.00 2810.00
Merumput3 116.00 18 450.00 566.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 289.80 15 375.00 664.80
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 500.00 - - 500.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 250.00 - -
enjin pam air6 250.00 Memungut hasil - 120 3 000.00 3000.00
Meratun - 32 800 800.00
Jumlah kecil 4 695.80 208 5 200.00 9 895.80
Cukai tanah7 7.58 - - 7.58
Susut nilai** 1.52 Sistem pengairan pemercik 583.33 - - 583.33 Pam air 33.33 - - 33.33
Enjim pam air 216.67 - - 216.67 Penyembur galas 16.67 - - 16.67
Cangkul 6.00 - - 6.00 Stor dan bangsal 208.33 - - 208.33 Jumlah kecil 1 071.91 - - 1 071.91
Jumlah besar 5 767.71 208 5 200.00 10 967.71 Nota: 1Benih 6kg @ RM30.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Kapur (GML) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (diikuti dengan tangan) gramoxone 8L @ Rm58.00/ 4L 4 Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh dan penyakit), thriam 18 g @ RM 28.00/1000g 5 5bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 6 5 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 75 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00
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Anggaran Pendapatan Daripada Bendi/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM1.40 kg RM1.60/kg RM1.80/kg
Rendah Kasar 16 800 19 200 21 600.00
(12 000) Bersih 5832.29 8 232.29 10 632.29
Buruh keluarga 11 032.29 13 432.29 15 832.29
Sederhana Kasar 25 200.00 28 800.00 32 400.00
(18 000) Bersih 14 232.29 17 832.29 24 432.29
Buruh keluarga 19 432.29 23 032.29 26 632.29
Tinggi Kasar 33 600.00 38 400.00 43 200
(24 000) Bersih 22 632.29 27 432.29 32 232.29
Buruh keluarga 27 832.29 32 632.29 37 432.29
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Appendix 10 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung Manis di Tanah Mineral Jarak penanaman : 60 cm x 60 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 60-75 hari selepas menanam Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kuantiti Kos (RM)
(i) Kos bahan input
(a) Benih 10 kg @ 1kg/RM83.30 - Hybrid
no.5 833.00*
10 kg @ 1kg/RM11.60 - Super
sweet corn 116.00
(b) Baja NPK 12:12:17:2 600kg@ 50 kg/RM 63.00 756.00 Dolomite 1000kg @ 50 kg/Rm12.00 240.00
(c) Racun Kimia
Gramozone 8 liter @ 4 liter/ RM51.95 103.90 Endosulfan 5 liter @ 1 liter/ RM 18.80 94.00 Benlate 500 gm @ 500 gm/RM 26.60 26.60
Gesaprim 8 liter @ 1 liter/ RM35.00 280.00 Jumlah kecil (i) 2,333.50*
1,616.50 (ii) Kos input tenaga hari (t.h) @ RM15.00
(a) Penyediaan tanah Kontrak 500.00 (b) Menanam 15 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 225.00 (c) Meracun/menyembur 30 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 450.00
(d) Membaja 11 t.h @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 165.00 (e) Memungut hasil 10 t.h. @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 150.00
Jumlah kecil (ii) 1,490.00
Jumlah Kos pengeluaran (i+ii) 3,823.50* 3,106.50
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Anggaran pendapatan dari jualan tongkol jagung segar
Butir-butir Tenaga upah (RM)
(a) Pendapatan kasar @ RM 0.40/tongkol jagung besar 6920.00
(b) Kos pengeluaran tongkol jagung sehektar 3823.50
3106.50
(c) Kos pengeluaran/tongkol jagung 0.22*
0.18
Pendapatan bersih (a-b) 3096.50
3,813.50
Nota : Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan ini dibuat pada tahun 2002. Ianya
akan berubah mengikut keadaan semasa.
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Appendix 11
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Sehektar Bagi Tanaman Roselle (T.Bris) (11,000 pokok/ha)
Bil. Item Kuantiti RM
Jumlah kos
Harga/kg/mt/liter
(A) Pendapatan Kasar
1 Hasil/kg @ RM0.80 12,000 0.80 9600.00
(B) Bahan
1 Benih 1.2 kg 35 42.00
2 Baja Organan 7.5 mt 140 1050.00
3 Baja Kimia
15:15:15 300 kg 1.12 336.00
12:12:17:2 1000kg 1.20 1200.00
Urea 150kg 2.00 300.00
4 Kapur GML 1 mt 200 200.00
5 Racun Perosak 136.00
6 Racun Rumpai 136.00
7 Minyak diesel 300 liter 0.70 210.00
8 Pelbagai 10% dari kos bahan 361.00
Jumlah Kecil 3971.00
(C) Tenaga Kerja
1 Penyediaan Kawasan Kontrak 15.00 180.00
2
Penyediaan Semaian dan
mengerek 8 15.00 120.00
3 Mengapur dan membaja 6 15.00 90.00
4 Meyediakan batas Kontrak 180.00
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5 Menggali lubang tanaman 5 15.00 75.00
6
Menanam/pindah anak
pokok 16 15.00 240.00
7 Kawalan perosak 10 15.00 150.00
8 Pembajaan tambahan 40 15.00 600.00
9 Memungut hasil 160 15.00 2400.00
Jumlah Kecil 4035.00
Kos tetap 160.00
Kos kontigency 200.00
Jumlah Kos pengeluaran 8366.00
Pendapatan Bersih @
Rm0.80 1234.00
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Appendix 12
Production Cost Estimates ( Groundnut )
Variety : -
Density : 148,148 points/ha.
Planting distant : 0.45 m X 0.15 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 100 – 110 days
Type of preparation/
material
Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost
( RM ) Man Day*** Cost ( RM )
Planting material
( 150 kg/ha )
600.00 - - 600.00
Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00
Planting - 15 225.00 225.00
Lime* 1,000.00 4 60.00 1,060.00
Manuring** 600.00 8 120.00 720.00
Weedicide & weeding 200.00 20 300.00 500.00
Chemical (Insecticide &
fungicide ) 300.00 5 75.00 375.00
Harvesting - 40 600.00 600.00
Total Production Cost 2,700.00 112 1,680.00 4,380.00
*Dolomite @ RM400.00 per ton
** NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
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Appendix 13
Production Cost Estimates of Sugar Cane
Variety : Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )
Density : 5,000 cuttings or setts/ha.
Planting distant : 1 m X 2 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 8 – 10 months
Type of preparation/
material
Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost
( RM ) Man Day*** Cost ( RM )
Planting material* 1,000.00 - - 1,000.00
Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00
Planting - 30 450.00 450.00
Manuring** 2,600.00 12 180.00 2,780.00
Weeding and removing
leaves 30 450.00 450.00
Chemical ( weedicide,
insecticide & fungicide ) 200.00 6 90.00 290.00
Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00
Total Production Cost 3,800.00 158 2,370.00 6,170.00
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings
**Sulphate of ammonia/Nitrophoska Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
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Appendix 14
Production Cost Estimates ( Sweet potato )
Variety : Gendut, Cina and Unggu
Density : 33,333 cuttings /ha.
Planting distant : 1.0 m X 0.3 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 4 months
Type of preparation/
material
Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost
( RM ) Man Day** Cost ( RM )
Planting material - - - -
Site preparation and beds - 54 810.00 810.00
Planting - 16 240.00 240.00
Manuring* 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00
Weedicide & weeding 200.00 10 150.00 350.00
Chemical (Insecticide &
fungicide )
300.00 10 150.00 450.00
Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00
Total Production Cost 2,800.00 160 2,400.00 5,200.00
* NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
**1 man day = RM15.00
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Appendix 15
Production Cost Estimates Tapioca
Variety : Sawah & Putih
Density : 10,000 points/ha.
Planting distant : 1 m X 1 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 9 – 12 months
Type of preparation/
material
Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost
( RM ) Man Day*** Cost ( RM )
Planting material* 2,000.00 - - 2,000.00
Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00
Dolomite**** 400.00 2 30.00 430.00
Planting - 10 150.00 150.00
Manuring** 2,000.00 6 90.00 2,090.00
Weed control
( Weedicide ) 300.00 6 90.00 390.00
Chemical ( insecticide &
fungicide ) 300.00 10 150.00 450.00
Harvesting - 55 825.00 825.00
Total Production Cost 5,000.00 169 2,535.00 7,535.00
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings
**NPK Blue @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
****If necessary
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Appendix 16
Production Cost Estimates - Taro
Variety : Thailand
Density : 18,518 suckers/ha.
Planting distant : 1.2 m X 0.45 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 9 – 12 months
Type of preparation/
material
Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost
( RM ) Man Day*** Cost ( RM )
Planting material* 3,703.60 - - 3,703.60
Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00
Planting - 20 300.00 300.00
Manuring** 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00
Weeding, mulching and
removing suckers - 127 1,905.00 1,905.00
Chemical ( weedicide,
insecticide & fungicide ) 500.00 10 150.00 650.00
Harvesting - 48 720.00 720.00
Total Production Cost 6,503.60 295 4,425.00 10,928.60
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 suckers
**NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
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Appendix 17
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Halia Muda/ha/musim
Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm
Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha
Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 – 6 bulan selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga/ Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos
Bahan/susut Hari Kos (RM)
Nilai (RM) tenaga*
Biji benih1 6250.00 - - 6
250.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - -
700.00
Menanam - 20 500.00
500.00
Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2 3360.00 20 500.00
3860.00
Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3 116.00 48 1200.00
1316.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 520.00 30 750.00
1270.00
Minyak diesel dan pelincir untuk enjin pam 530.00 - -
530.00
air5
Penyelenggaraan system pemercik dan 265.00 - -
265.00
enjin pam air6
Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1
000.00
Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - -
250.00
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Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3950.00
15941.00
Cukai tanah7 8.04 - -
12.89
Susut nilai**
Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - -
991.67
Pam air 35.33 - -
56.67
Enjin pam air 229.67 - -
368.33
Penyembur galas 17.67 - -
28.33
Cangkul 6.36 - -
10.20
Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - -
354.17
Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1
136.23
Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17
077.23
Nota:
1Benih 2500kg @ Rm2.50/kg
2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ Rm62.00/50kg (RM1 240.00/t)
Tahi ayam, 4t @ RM200.00/t
Kapur (GML-guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5t @ RM140.00/t
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i. Pendapatan Halia muda
RM2.00/kg Rm2.15/kg RM2.25/kg
Rendah (14 000)
Kasar 16 000.00 28 000.00 18 000.00
Bersih -1077.23 9 756.74 922.77
Buruh keluarga 2 872.77 13 706.74 4 872.77
Sederhana (16 000)
Kasar 20 000.00 32 000.00 22 500.00
Bersih 2 922.77 13 756.74 5 422.77
Buruh keluarga 6 872.77 17 706.74 9 372.77
Tinggi (20 000)
Kasar 24 000.00 40 000.00 27 000.00
Bersih 6 922.77 21 756.74 9 922.77
Buruh keluarga 10 872.77 25 706.74 13 872.77
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Appendix 18
Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Halia/ha/musim
Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm
Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha
Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 - 6 bulan selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga
Jumlah kos
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari tenaga*
Kos (RM)
Biji benih1
6 250.00 - - 6 250.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00
Menanam - 20 500.00 500.00
Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2
3 360.00 20 500.00 3860.00
Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3
116.00 48 1200.00 1316.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4
520.00 30 750.00 1270.00
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5
530.00 - - 530.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 265.00 - - 265.00
enjin pam air6
250.00
Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1 000.00
Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00
Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3 950.00 15 941.00
Cukai tanah7
8.04 - - 12.89
Susut nilai**
Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - - 991.67
Pam air 35.33 - - 56.67
Enjim pam air 229.67 - - 368.33
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Penyembur galas 17.67 - - 28.33
Cangkul 6.36 - - 10.20
Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - - 354.17
Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1 136.23
Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17 077.23
Nota:
1Benih 2500kg @ RM2.50/kg
2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)
Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t
Kapur (GML - guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5 t @ RM 140.00/t
3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 8L @ RM58.00/4L
4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit)
55.3 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
65.3 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan
75.3 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun
*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00
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Anggaran pendapatan daripada halia/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM1.60/kg RM2.00/kg RM2.30/kg
i.Halia tua
Rendah (14 000)
Kasar 22 400.00 28 000.00 32 200.00
Bersih 4 156.74 9 756.74 13 956.74
Buruh keluarga 8 106.74 13 706.74 17 906..74
Sederhana (16 000)
Kasar 25 600.00 32 000.00 36 800.00
Bersih 7 356.74 13 756.74 18 556.74
Buruh keluarga 11 306.74 17 706.74 22 506.74
Tinggi (20 000)
Kasar 32 000.00 40 000.00 46 000.00
Bersih 13 756.74 21 756.74 27 756.74
Buruh keluarga 17 706.74 25 706.74 31 706.74
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Appendix 19
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Serai/ha/musim
Jarak penanaman : 0.5 m x 1 m
Kepadatan : 20 000 rumpun/ha
Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga Jumlah kos
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari tenaga*
Kos (RM)
Biji benih1
1 600.00 - - 1 600.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00
Mengapur2
420.00 1 25.00 445.00
Menanam. - 20 500.00 500.00
Membaja3
835.00 20 500.00 1335.00
Merumput - 20 500.00 500.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4
78.00 4 100.00 178.00
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5
700.00 - - 700.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 350.00 - - 350.00
enjin pam air6
Memungut hasil - 100 2 500.00 2500
Jumlah kecil 4 683.00 165 4 125.00 8 808.00
Cukai tanah7
10.62 - - 10.62
Susut nilai**
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Sistem pengairan pemercik 816.67 - - 816.67
Pam air 46.67 - - 46.67
Enjim pam air 303.33 - - 303.33
Penyembur galas 23.33 - - 23.33
Cangkul 8.40 - - 8.4
Stor dan bangsal 291.67 - - 291.67
Jumlah kecil 1 500.69 - - 1 500.69
Jumlah besar 6 183.69 165 4 125.00 10 308.69
Nota:
1Benih 40 000 batang @ RM0.40/10 batang
2Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM7.00/beg 50 kg (RM 140.00/t)
3Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t
Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17) 250 kg @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)
Urea 130kg @ Rm 35.00/beg 50kg (RM700.00/t)
4Racun perosak dan penyakit (mengikut jenis perosak dan penyakit)
57 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan
77 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun
*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00
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Anggaran pendapatan daripada serai/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM0.70 kg RM1.00/kg RM1.45/kg
Rendah (12 788.46)
Kasar 8 951.92 12 788.46 18 543.27
Bersih -1356.76 2 479.77 8 234.58
Buruh keluarga 2 768.24 6 604.77 12 359.58
Sederhana (13 461.54)
Kasar 9 423.08 13 461.54 19 519.23
Bersih -885.61 3 152.85 9 210.55
Buruh keluarga 3 239.39 7 277.85 13 335.55
Tinggi (14 431.62)
Kasar 9 894.23 14 134.62 20 495.19
Bersih -414.45 3 825.93 10 186.51
Buruh keluarga 3 710.55 7 950.93 14 311.51
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ADP - Work Flow Chart Appendix 20
Schedule Activities Authority Responsible
April District PS/AS
April - October DsPDC
November S/AAO District
December DvPDC
December/January DAO / S/AAO
February -December S/AAO / PS / AS
February -December S/AAO District / PS/ AS
February -December PS / AS/ PMU Dist/
PMU Div
January-February Annual Workshop
Received Application Form
Screening of Application
Field investigation
Field investigation
Submit recommendation List
to Divisional Office
Approved
Endorsement
Approval List received
by District
Project Implementation
Supervision, T & V, Monitoring
Work Progress Report &
Achievement
Evaluation
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Appendix 21
Borang JP/2010/1
JABATAN PERTANIAN SARAWAK
PERMOHONAN PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN
BAHAGIAN :____________________________DAERAH :________________ Sila tandakan kotak yang berkenaan ()
Tanaman Perikanan Darat
Ternakan Industri Asas Tani
I : MAKLUMAT PEMOHON Nama : ______________________ Kaum : _____________________ No.KP Baru : ______________________ Pekerjaan (Gaji bulanan): ____________ PPK (No.Ahli) : ______________________ No. Tel : _______________________ Alamat Rumah:________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Maklumat Projek Sedia ada/Kegiatan Aktiviti Utama Masa Kini:
Bil Jenis Aktiviti Keluasan/Unit
(ha) Keluaran/hasil (Kg/Bil/tahun)
Purata Harga Jualan
(RM/Kg)
Purata Pendapatan
Tahunan (RM)
Maklumat Lesen/Permit/Syarikat: ____________________________________________
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Bantuan Kerajaan yang pernah diterima(dalam tempoh 5 tahun):
Bil Jenis bantuan Tahun Nilai Bantuan (RM) Nama Agensi
II. Maklumat Projek Yang Dipohon : Jenis Projek : ____________________ Keluasan/Unit :__________________
Nilai Bantuan (RM) : ____________________ Jenis Tanah :__________________
Senaraikan Keperluan Bantuan: _________________________________________
_________________________________________
Status Tanah
Sila () Bergeran Sistem Perlaksanaan Individu
TOL Berkelompok
PL (Provisional Lease) Estet Mini
NCR
Tanah Sewa
Alamat Lokasi Projek : _______________________________________________________________________ Saya mengakui bahawa semua maklumat di atas adalah benar. Jika diluluskan, saya akan patuh kepada semua arahan, syarat/peraturan serta kaedah/Prosidur perlaksanaan pembangunan pertanian Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak. Tandatangan : ____________________ Tarikh : _________________ III : PERAKUAN KETUA KAMPUNG/TUAI RUMAH (jika berkenaan) Saya memperakukan yang pemohon serta keluarga adalah penduduk kampung/rumah panjang ini dan telah mengusahakan kawasan tanah/projek pertanian yang dipohon. Tandatangan : _____________________ Tarikh : ________________________
Nama : _____________________
Cop Rasmi Ketua Kampung/Tuai Rumah
Nama Kampung/Rh.Panjang: ______________________________ ______________________________
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UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEJABAT PERTANIAN DAERAH
COP TERIMAAN BORANG: Tindakan: Tanaman
Perikanan Darat
Ternakan
IATM
Tandatangan(OIC): _______________________
Nama : _______________________ Tarikh : _______________________
Rujukan Pejabat : ________________________
Saranan Tadatangan:______________________________
Tidak disokong Nama:___________________________________
Tindakan lanjut Jawatan:_________________ Tarikh: _________
Borang yang lengkap diisi hendaklah dikembalikan ke Pejabat Pertanian/Veterinar terdekat pada atau
sebelum 30 April.
1
Appendix 22
Fertigation Structure of 6 m (wide) x 30 m (long) and 2.5 m (high) and Fertigation System. 1.0 Fertigation structure – see diagram 1 for overall structure
A. Post and frame
- To use 2” x 2” square hollow metal post. - To use galvanise pipe of 2” for all top frame as in diagram 2. - To use 1 ½” x 1” and 1” x 1” hollow metal for all support as in diagram - Installation of post and top frame, please refer to diagram 2. - all joint to use spring clip and plastic clip. Plastic clip to be installed at 12”
interval. Please refer to diagram 3a and diagram 3b. B. Footing.
- 2’ x 2’ x 2 1/2’ deep R.C footing. - 1 : 2 : 4 mixed concrete footing R/w BRC 65 on 2 nos 3” diameter belian
post for 6’ deep. Refer to diagram 3. C. Drip system.
Using Loop system/trap/close system- where all joint to use T joint or L joint. Please refer to diagram 4 and, diagram 5a and 5b - Flexible hose - micro tubing 1 mm with yellow stripe - 20 mm LDPE tubing blue stripe - 1 roll - pH meter - Digital timer (battery operated). - 1 inno - Weed suppressor black (100%) - 1 roll
D. EC Meter (Conductivity tester)
- Refer to diagram: - Specification:
1 Measure range 0 2. Resolution 1 3. Accuracy 4 Power supply 2 x 3 v (CR 2030 Battery) 5 Operated Temperature 6. Calibration 7. Dimension 8. Weight: 46 g
2
2.0 Water system
A. Pump Area Structure
Please refer to diagram
- Size of 20’ x 10’
- Cement Floor
E. Water pump system
- 200 gallon water Tank c/w Brass Float Valve - 2 innos (untuk air bersih)
- 180 Litre Nutrient tank - 2 innos (For Fertilizer)
- 1 hp Electric pump (60 litre/min) - 1 no
- Digital timer - 1 inno
- 1 “ Disc filter - 1 inno
- 25 mm HDPE pipe - 1 roll
- Ball valve, Tee, elbow, tank adapter, PVC pipe etc for the installation of the
water pump system.
3
Diagram 1
6 m (W)
2.5 m (H)
30 m L
2” galvanise
pipe
Green coated wire
interval of 2’
1. The structure is 30 m long, 6 m wide and 2.5 m
height. With 12 piling. The top is covered with
UV transparent plastic sheet. The UV transparent
plastic sheet should be installed very firm, so that
the plastic wouldn’t hold any water.
2. To install green coated wire at every 2’ interval
of the galvanise frame.
4
Diagram 2
30 m
2.5 m (H)
30 m 12 nos footing
1’ x 1 ½” hollow metal
Front View
2” galvanise pipe
2” x 2”
hollow metal
1” x 1 ½” hollow metal
Side View
To Diagram 3
5
Diagram 3
2” x 2” square hollow metal
Belian post
-2 innos 3” diameter
and
6’ long
2.5 m (H)
60
cm 1:2:4 mix
concrete
footing
BRC 65
Ground level
6
Diagram 3A
Diagram 3B
Spring clip
Plastic clip
7
Diagram 4
Loop/ close/trap system using T joint.
8
Diagram 5A
Diagram 5B
Paip pembahagi
20 mm LDPE
Water Tank system
A
Paip Tertier
20 mm garis
pusat
Arrow dripper
Tiub spageti 1
mm garis pusat
9
Costing
The costing is spread over 3 years as illustrated in table below:
Items Rate (RM/unit) Total (RM)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Rain shelter structure complete with irrigation system
25,000 0 0 25,000
Pump house complete with tanks and system parts
10,500 0 0 10,500
Inputs for: Chili Tomato Melon
2,200 1,600 3,200
2,200 1,600 3,200
2,200 1,600 3,200
6,600 4,800 9,600
Total (RM) for: Chili Tomato Melon
37,700 37,100 38,700
2,200 1,600 3,200
2,200 1,600 3,200
42,100 40,300 45,100