Download - 11 bentley3
![Page 1: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
![Page 2: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Establishment of Rome
Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE
![Page 3: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Etruscans
Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6th c. BCE
Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north
![Page 4: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Kingdom of Rome
Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE Streets, temples, public buildings
Major center of trade routes
![Page 5: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Establishment of the Republic 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan
king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls senate
![Page 6: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Social Conflict
Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for
representation Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE Yet 6-month appointments of dictators
![Page 7: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Expansion of the Republic
Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives
Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship
![Page 8: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Punic Wars
Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C.
BCE
![Page 9: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution
Perennial problem Development of large latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders
![Page 10: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Roman Empire to 146 BCE
![Page 11: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Gracchi Brothers
Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of landless
peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)
![Page 12: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Civil War
87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83
BCE Reign of terror follows
![Page 13: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Julius Caesar
Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror
Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises to popularity
Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE
![Page 14: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Caesar’s Policies
Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemploymnent Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE
![Page 15: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Augustus
Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony &
Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE
![Page 16: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Augustus’ Administration
Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military
power Stablilized empire Death in 14 CE
![Page 17: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas
Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural
resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge
![Page 18: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE
![Page 19: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork
Curbs, drainage, milestones Postal service
![Page 20: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Roman Law
Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman
Rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court
![Page 21: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”
![Page 22: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The City of Rome
Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
Technology: concrete
![Page 23: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Roman Attractions
Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus
250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladitorial Games
![Page 24: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Family and Society
Pater Familias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into
slavery Women not allowed to inherit property
Rarely enforced
![Page 25: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Wealth and Social Change
Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”
![Page 26: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Slavery
2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population Customary manumission at age 30
Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE
![Page 27: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Roman Deities
Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures
![Page 28: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Cicero and Stoicism
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism
![Page 29: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mithraism
From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,
discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular
![Page 30: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Judaism in Early Rome
Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures
Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in
Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)
![Page 31: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Synagogue at Capernaum
![Page 32: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Essenes
Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls
![Page 33: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Jesus of Nazareth
Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify
Jesus
![Page 34: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Jesus’ Early Followers
Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament
![Page 35: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Paul of Tarsus
Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Intensive travel, missionary activity
![Page 36: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Early Christian Communities
Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual
Nature of resurrection Role of women
Gradual acceptance of core texts
![Page 37: 11 bentley3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062307/554f7ca7b4c9052a518b4b00/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Growth of Early Christianity
Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity
Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women