Download - 1.1 revision class 2014
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Year 11 Geo1.1 Extreme Natural Events
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When
Moday 17th November
9.30am
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What do I need ?
PenS (more than one)
Coloured pencils
Ruler
Calculator
String (optional)
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What has the examiner said? NOT A LOT!
For each paper you need to refer to your case
study, use maps/diagrams and apply
geographic concepts
For 1.1 make sure your answer refers to
DIFFERENT PLACES within an environment
(1 case study) that are effected by a volcanic
eruption OR DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
(2 case studies) that are effected by volcanic
environments
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1.1 Extreme Natural Events
How have natural processes led to your natural event
Explain the effects of the natural event on the cultural environment
Explain the effects of the natural event on the natural environment
Natural and cultural characteristics (features) of the environments that make them vulnerable to the extreme natural event(s)
How different groups of people have responded to the effects of the extreme natural events
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Chosen extreme natural event Our chosen extreme natural event is ………
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
You need to know about volcanic eruptions and you also MUST name at least one case study example in your answer
You must learn 1 NZ case study AND 1 overseas case study
E.g. Mt Tarawera in 1886 AND Mt Pinatubo in 1991 or Nevada del Ruiz in 1985
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DISCLAIMER
Most of these slides are written as general
effects or processes NOT specific to an
eruption
YOU MUST ANSWER EVERY QUESTION
SPECIFIC TO A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
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How have natural processes led
to your natural event?
This question is asking about the sequence of
events that cause a volcanic eruption.
What processes do you remember that cause
volcanic eruptions?
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The earth is
made up of 12
major plates
that float on the
earth’s semi
liquid mantle
layer. NZ sits
between the
Pacific plates
and Australian
plates
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Plates can be
either
CONTINENTAL
(mostly land) -
these are thicker
but less dense or
OCEANIC (mostly
sea) – these are
thinner but more
dense/heavier
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The earth’s plates move independently of one another at rates of 1-15 cm per year as convection currents occur in the mantle. The mantle is heated by the core causing it to rise and fall
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NZ sits on the Pacific and Australian plate. When an oceanic and continental plate are pushed together by convection currents, subduction occurs. This is when the denser, oceanic Pacific plate is forced below the lighter, Australian continental plate at a rate of 5-8cm a year in an area off the east coast of the North Island known as the Hikurangi trench
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As the Pacific plate is forced beneath the Australian plate, intense friction and heat is caused as the plates rub together. This heat then melts the plate as it sinks into the mantle, creating magma which collects in a magma chamber 100km below Mt Ruapehu’ssurface
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Pressure builds up in the magma chamber as gases are produced like carbon dioxide and sulfurdioxide. Magma below Mt Ruapheu is created at an intermediate depth, with moderate amounts of silica and gases, known as andesitic magma.
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This pressure
builds up then
forces the magma
to make its way up
to the earth’s
surface through
weak spots or
cracks known as
fissures in the
earth’s crust
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Before an eruption
can begin,
sometimes a plug
(old, solidified lava
in the vent) must
be blasted out of
the way first.
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VOLCANISM: When magma reaches the earth’s surface, gases like carbon monoxide are released first, this means magma has become lava. Lava and rocks are erupted into the air and will fall around the crater to eventually form the volcano’s cone. During the September 1997 eruption, ash clouds of 10km height were produced and lahars were created due to the presence of the crater lake. Due to Ruapehu’sandesitic magma an irregular shaped cone at a height of 2797m is formed as lava is viscous
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Concepts that could apply…
Process: A series of related actions that work on and change the characteristics of the surrounding environment
Environments: have particular characteristics and features, which can be a result of processes. Some environments have been changed because of an extreme natural event
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Past questions
Fully explain the natural processes that
operate to produce your named extreme
natural event within the environment of your
named case study
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Explain the effects of the natural
event on the cultural environment
We can divide the effects of a volcanic eruption on a cultural environment into different categories.
SOCIAL this means people’s daily lives and feelings are impacted
ECONOMIC this means businesses and money are impacted
INFRASTRUCTURE damage to buildings and services like power, water etc.
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Remember effects can be both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
You MUST refer to at least ONE case study example in your answer.
Ideally, for each effect you will have a piece of case study detail to back up what you are saying
If it asks for the CULTURAL environment, effects must be on stuff that people have built
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Negative Social Effects could
include….
Loss of life from ash inhalation, pyroclastic flows or lahars occurring during the volcanic eruption
Houses destroyed and people injured, this makes people feel angry and upset as they will become homeless
Ashfall from volcanic eruptions can damage and destroy crops meaning people will go hungry
Motorways can become blocked and communications cut off so people feel isolated as they are unable to travel
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Positive Social effects could
include……
Communities come together to help in the
recovery process after a volcanic eruption
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Negative Economic effects could
include……
Livestock may become sick or die after eating
ash covered grass so farming businesses will
lose money
Skifields maybe forced to close during an
eruption costing them a loss in profit
The cost to repair the infrastructure damaged
can be extensive, increasing tax for the rest of
the population
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Positive Economic Effects could
include….
New tourist destinations, like crater lake tours
and geothermal valleys can be created which
means businesses can develop bringing
money to the region
Increased geothermal activity can lead to
increased profits for local electricity
companies
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Negative Infrastructure (cultural
environment) impacts
Damage to water supply for surrounding
towns which can be costly to repair
Road networks are destroyed, cutting off
townships
Hospitals, military bases may be destroyed
Communication grids are destroyed (phone
lines etc)
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Concepts that could apply…
Change: involves any alteration to the natural
or cultural environment. As people interact
with their environment, both are changed.
Perspectives: may influence how people
interact with environments and the decision
and responses that they make
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Past questions
Fully explain how your named extreme
natural event has affected the cultural
environment. You may use diagrams to
support your answer
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We can divide the effects of a volcanic eruption on the natural environment into 4 categories
Relief (shape of the land)
Soil
Vegetation
Drainage patterns (lakes and rivers)
You should learn a map of your case study area that you can locate these effects on
Explain the effects of the natural
event on the natural environment
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e.g. This is a case study area map of MT TARAWERA – this
would be useful for both NATURAL and CULTURAL effects on
the environment
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Relief effects could include…
The shape of the land is changed as features
like volcanic cones are destroyed by
explosive volcanic eruptions, new cones are
built up by build up of new lava or
chasms/splits in the landscape are created
during the eruption
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Soil effects could include….
Excess ash deposits can make the soil more
acidic and this results in it being infertile
BE CAREFUL HERE that you DO NOT talk about
crops as this is an effect on PEOPLE not the
natural environment
Soil can be eroded from the landscape as lahars
move quickly down the volcano
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Vegetation effects could
include…
Ash covers trees and vegetation which limits
the regrowth of the young trees
Forests surrounding a volcano can be burnt or
flattened by pyroclastic flows
Lahars can strip vegetation off the sides of
volcanoes as the move quickly down the
landscape
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Drainage effects could include…
Lakes can be enlarged during the eruption or
created if it is an active vent
Rivers can become discoloured by ash and
pathways can change as they become
clogged by volcanic sediment
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Concepts that could apply…
Change: an alteration of the natural or cultural
environment. It occurs at varying rates, at
different times, and in different places
Processes: a sequence of related actions that
changes the surrounding environment
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Past questions
Full explain how your named extreme natural
event has affected the natural environment.
Include a combination of notes and
diagram(s) to support your answer.
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Vulnerability of the environment
This aspect is asking you about natural and
cultural characteristics of an area that makes
it MORE or LESS in danger when a volcanic
eruption occurs
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Vulnerability- Natural factors
Location, close to plate boundary means
more at risk
Location, if earth’s crust is thin more at risk
Rivers running down mountainside and crater
lakes increase risk of fast flowing lahars
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Vulnerability – Cultural factors
Preparedness; evacuation plans in place,
strong emergency responses systems mean
they are less at risk
Large numbers of people living nearby
Monitoring of volcano can decrease their
vulnerability
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Vulnerability diagram
This diagram requires
annotations but is a
perfect example of
how simple a diagram
can be.
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Likely concepts….
Environment: Characteristics of an area that
make it more or less vulnerable
Processes: sequences of related actions that
shape and change environments
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Past questions
Draw an annotated (labelled) diagram in the
box below to clearly show the major natural
characteristics (features) of the environment
in your named case study (studies) that make
it vulnerable (likely to be affected) by your
named extreme natural event
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Response of different groups
This aspect is asking you about how different
groups of people react to a volcanic eruption
Groups can react in the SHORT TERM(straight
after the eruption has finished, up to a couple of
months) and in the LONG TERM (clean up over a
period of months, years. Can involve preparation
for another eruption)
Responses can also be classified as BEFORE,
DURING or AFTER the event
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Short term responses
Evacuating those most affected by volcanic
hazards
Sweeping roofs, cutting off water supplies and
using masks over face when outside
Supplying emergency provisions after
eruption finished (water, shelter, food,
vaccinations etc)
Dealing with injured and dead
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Long term responses
Rebuilding infrastructure e.g. water supply,
town centres, sewage system
Put in place evacuation systems for future
emergencies
Educate people
Monitoring of volcano e.g. seisometers,
tiltometers etc
Relocation of indigenous peoples
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Concepts that could apply…
Perception: How different groups of people
view the area may impact how they respond
to an event.
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NOTE ABOUT CASE
STUDIES
For this particular question it IS NOT
appropriate to write about Mt Tarawera
Stick to Mt Ruapehu or Mt Pinatubo for this
one!
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Past questions When an extreme natural event occurs,
individuals, groups or organisations, respond in different ways. These responses may occur immediately after the event, or they may be long term responses.
Name TWO individuals, groups or organisations AND fully explain how EACH has responded to the effects of your named extreme natural event at a selected time period
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Possible annotated
diagram for stages of
response at Mt
Ruapehu
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Overall tips for Excellence Use case study detail (this is called specifics) THROUGHOUT
your answer not just in a clump at the end.
In short answer questions, back up each point you make with a specific. This should be a number or name of something
Use the definition of the CONCEPT given in the question in your answer so the examiner sees you clearly understand it
PLAN your answer. Break your main points into paragraphs so your thoughts are clear and to the point
Learn a diagram for each of your case studies and USE this in your answer. Don’t forget to refer to it
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1.1 Final Tips
Learn TWO case studies. One for NZ and one
for overseas
Know at least 10 facts about each that include
a name or a number
Be able to draw a diagram for each case
study environment that you can annotate
Be able to draw an annotated diagram of
subduction