ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
CARBON FOOTPRINTING
Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from sewer pipeline system
Daeseung Kyung1 • Dongwook Kim2 • Sora Yi3 • Wonyong Choi4 • Woojin Lee4
Received: 14 June 2016 / Accepted: 17 February 2017© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017
Responsible editor:
1Department of Advanced Technology, Land & Housing Institute, Korea Land & Housing Corporation, 539-99 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34047, South Korea2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea3Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong 30147, South Korea4School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, South Korea
Daeseung Kyung and Dongwook Kim contributed equally to this manuscript
Woojin Leewoojin_lee@kaist. edu
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Contents
Type Title Page
Table S1The size of the pipelines and their proportions in the DMC
systemS3
Table S2 Pipe specifications for material type and diameter S3
Table S3 Annual electricity consumption at pump stations in DMC S4
Table S4Statistics of the replaced pipeline length and manholes in
DMCS4
Table S5Detailed distribution of calculated GHG emissions from
D300 PVC pipelineS5
Table S6Comparison of emission factor and system boundary with
previous studiesS5
Table S7Significant factors affecting GHG emissions at each life
cycle stage based on the sensitivity analysisS6
Table S8Effect of pipeline replacement ratio on GHG emissions at
overall, MI, and EL stagesS6
Table S9Effect of pipe diameter change on GHG emissions at overall,
MP, and OP stagesS7
Table S10Effect of biofilm reaction rate change on GHG emissions at
overall and OP stagesS7
Fig. S1 Map of DMC and location of WWTPs S8
Fig. S2 GHG emissions with different combination of pipe materials S9
References References S10
S2
Table S1 The size of the pipelines and their proportions in the DMC system
Installed pipe length (m)150 mm 300 mm 450 mm 700 mm 900 mm
PVC 5,881 3,597 973 0 0
PE 29,853 123,230 45,913 17,196 2,292
Concrete 0 444,989 615,810 467,807 167,190
Cast iron 3,343 6,499 4,332 1,211 388
Total(%)
39,077(2.0)
578,315(29.8)
667,028(34.4)
486,214(25.0)
169,870(8.8)
Table S2 Pipe specifications for material type and diameterInternal diameter
(mm)
External diameter
(mm)
Density
(kg∙m-3)
Mass
(kg∙m-1)
PVCa
150 170 1,400 7.03
300 323 1,400 15.75
450 471 1,400 21.26
PEa
150 176 900 5.99
300 338 900 17.13
450 508 900 39.27
700 788 900 92.55
900 1,012 900 151.36
Concreteb
300 350 2,403 61.33
450 520 2,403 128.14
700 802 2,403 289.14
900 1,024 2,403 450.26
Cast ironc
150 170 4,400 22.11
300 326 4,400 56.24
450 480 4,400 96.41
700 738 4,400 188.83
900 945 4,400 286.91a(Mirai 2012), b(Dobong 2012), c(Shinan 2012)
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Table S3 Annual electricity consumption at pump stations in DMC
2014Electricity Consumption (MWh)
Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 3 Pump 4 Pump 5 Pump 6 Pump 7
January 300 7,920 11,177 55,695 38,149 18,432 6,794
February 242 9,180 11,748 54,954 39,892 19,776 6,643
March 292 8,520 10,761 56,345 38,772 16,778 4,174
April 482 9,780 12,060 58,042 42,232 18,847 4,941
May 433 8,880 12,069 53,779 40,540 17,429 5,407
June 596 10,101 12,794 53,415 42,224 18,161 5,474
July 619 12,039 13,821 49,860 44,586 20,378 5,915
August 749 12,015 13,794 45,446 45,770 22,015 6,553
September 748 14,805 14,580 43,793 49,270 22,915 7,571
October 692 9,720 12,395 56,341 42,098 18,670 6,424
November 697 9,801 12,219 53,488 45,332 18,727 6,689
December 580 8,529 10,834 54,744 43,323 14,378 5,800
Total 1,722
Table S4 Statistics of the replaced pipeline length and manholes in DMCYear Replaced pipeline length (m) Replaced Manholes (Unit)
2001 24,561 276
2002 11,569 451
2003 24,569 379
2004 20,248 533
2005 25,098 536
2006 11,223 715
2007 16,882 425
2008 10,285 428
2009 24,963 499
2010 23,473 2,427
Average 19,287 667
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Table S5 Detailed distribution of calculated GHG emissions from D300 PVC pipeline
Stage GHG emissions (kgCO2eq∙m-1) Percentage (%)MP 50.13 38.0MT 0.40 0.3CO 44.74 33.9OP 10.82 8.2MI 10.04 7.6EL 15.74 11.9
Table S6 Comparison of emission factors and system boundary with previous studies
This study Venkatesh et al.a CPSAb
Emission factor (EFEST)(kgCO2eq∙m-1)
PVC 121 220 47.4PE 111 153 37.5Concrete 96 37.4 31Cast iron 162 1,840 N/Ac
System boundaryFrom material production to end of lifed
From material production to rehabilitation
From material production to construction
Database
Country Korea Norway United Kingdom
Life Cycle Inventory
Korean LCI database and Ecoinvet database (v.2.2)
Ecoinvent database (v 2.01)
CPSA proprietary data about four factories and Plastics Europe DB
a(Venkatesh et al. 2009)b(CPSA 2001)cIn CPSA study, the emission factor for PP pipe was estimated, instead of PE pipedThe Emissions from operation stage are excluded
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Table S7 Significant factors affecting GHG emissions at each life cycle stage based on the sensitivity analysis
Stage Significant factor Sensitivity (%)
MPmaterial of pipeline 70.6
EFEST of pipeline 23.7
MT transportation distance (Dm) 99.2
COEF of excavator (EFe) 71.7
material of pipeline 25.5
OPdiameter of pipeline 59.8
biofilm reaction rate (Rateb) 19.0
MItransportation distance (Dm) 40.2
pipe replacement ratio (ratiom) 32.2
ELpipe replacement ratio (ratiom) 62.9
material of pipeline 36.8
Table S8 Effect of pipeline replacement ratio on GHG emissions at overall, MI, and EL stages
ScenarioOverall(tCO2eq∙yr-1)
MI and EL stages(tCO2eq∙yr-1) (%)
Current replacement ratio (0.199) 6.64×103 6.97×102 10.49%
Enhancement of replacement ratio: -1 % (0.197) 6.63×103 6.89×102 10.40%
Enhancement of replacement ratio: -3 % (0.193) 6.61×103 6.76×102 10.21%
Enhancement of replacement ratio: -5 % (0.189) 6.58×103 6.59×102 10.02%
Enhancement of replacement ratio: -10 % (0.179)
6.57×103 6.26×102 9.54%
Enhancement of replacement ratio: -15 % (0.169)
6.53×103 5.92×102 9.06%
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Table S9 Effect of pipe diameter on GHG emissions at overall, MP, and OP stages
ScenarioTotal
(tCO2eq∙yr-1)
MP stage OP stage
(tCO2eq∙yr-1) (%) (tCO2eq∙yr-1) (%)
D150: Construction of 228km
pipeline with 150 mm diameter7.05×103 1.07×103 15.18 4.66×103 66.16
D300: Construction of 228km
pipeline with 300 mm diameter7.28×103 1.11×103 15.25 4.83×103 66.26
D450: Construction of 228km
pipeline with 450 mm diameter7.52×103 1.17×103 15.53 4.97×103 66.11
D700: Construction of 228km
pipeline with 700 mm diameter7.99×103 1.29×103 16.20 5.23×103 65.47
D900: Construction of 228km
pipeline with 900 mm diameter8.34×103 1.40×103 16.76 5.40×103 64.82
Table S10 Effect of biofilm reaction rate change on GHG emissions at overall and OP stages
ScenarioTotal(tCO2eq∙yr-1)
OP stage(tCO2eq∙yr-1) (%)
Current biofilm reaction rate (5.24×10-5) 6.64×103 4.45×103 67.00Reduction of biofilm reaction rate: -1 % (5.12×10-
5)6.58×103 4.37×103 66.36
Reduction of biofilm reaction rate: -2 % (5.14×10-
5)6.56×103 4.31×103 65.72
Reduction of biofilm reaction rate: -3 % (5.08×10-
5)6.52×103 4.24×103 65.08
Reduction of biofilm reaction rate: -4 % (5.03×10-
5)6.46×103 4.16×103 64.44
Reduction of biofilm reaction rate: -5 % (4.98×10-
5)6.40×103 4.09×103 63.80
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Fig. S1 Map of DMC and location of WWTPs
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ELMI
OP
MP
MICO
6.93 e+37.17 e+3
6.58 e+3
7.05 e+3
6.41 e+3 6.46 e+37.0e+3
6.0e+3
5.0e+3
4.0e+3
3.0e+3
2.0e+3
0.0
GH
G e
mis
sion
s (tC
O2e
q ∙y
r-1)
Fig. S2 GHG emissions with different combination of pipe materials
*C (construction of 100 % PVC pipe), P1 (100 % PE pipe), P2 (100 % concrete pipe), P3 (50 % PVC and 50 % PE pipe), P4 (50 % PVC and 50 % concrete pipe), and P5 (50 % PE and 50 % concrete pipe)
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ReferencesCPSA (2001) Environmental assessment of UK sewer systems Groundbreaking Research, in:
Hobson, J. (Ed.). Department of Trade and Industry
Dobong (2012) Commercial catalogue. Dobong concrete Co., Dobong concrete Co.
Mirai (2012) Commercial catalogue. Mirai.
Shinan (2012) Commercial catalogue. Shinan Cast Iorn Co., South Korea.
Venkatesh G, Hammervold J, Brattebo H (2009) Combined MFA-LCA for Analysis of
Wastewater Pipeline Networks Case Study of Oslo, Norway. J Ind Ecol 13:532-550
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