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1.2.3. Characteristics of Life
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Learning Objectives
Definition and identification of the "characteristics of life",
through fundamental principles and interactions of
Organisation, Nutrition, Excretion, Response and Reproduction.
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How do we know if something is alive?
• It has organization – cells, tissues, organs, etc.
• It uses energy
• Grows and develops
• Excretes
• Reproduces
• Responds to the environment
• Adapts to the environment
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Organisation
• Unicellular or multicellular• Specialized structures• Cell is the basic unit of structure and function• If cell structure is damaged its function is also
affected
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Levels of organisation
• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ system• Organism• Population• Community• Ecosystem• Biosphere
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Energy
• All energy for living things can be traced back to the sun (primary source of energy)
• Organisms use light energy to see (vision), to make food (photosynthesis), for warmth (respiration)
• Plants use sunlight to make food (producers)
• Other organisms eat the plants to get energy (consumers)
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Learning check
How do we know something is alive?
•It has organization – cells, tissues, organs, etc.
•It uses energy
•Grows and develops
•Excretes
•Reproduces
•Responds to the environment
•Adapts to the environment
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Growth and Development
• Growth – increase in size
• Development – change in form or shape
• Amount of growth varies in different organisms
• Nutrition maintains the organisation and growth of living organisms
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Nutrition
This is the process involved in the making and receiving or the absorption and utilisation of food (energy and materials) from the environment
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Sources of Nutrition
In Animals: feed on other organisms
In Plants: make food by photosynthesis and absorbing chemicals from the environment
Energy flow:
Sun Plants Animals
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Excretion
• Excretion - is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism from a cell, tissue or organ
• All living things must get rid of waste material – if it was allowed to accumulate it would become toxic to the organism
• A balance must be maintained between their internal and external environments
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Methods of excretion
Various organised structures involved
In Animals: the urinary system, skin, lungs
In Plants: the stomata
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Learning check
• What is meant by nutrition?
• This is the process involved in the making and receiving or the absorption and utilisation of food (energy and materials) from the environment
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Response and Adaptation
• Response = reaction to a stimulus in environment
• Adaptation – plants and animals change in response to long-term changes in the environment; these may be passed on to future generations (Charles Darwin)
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Methods of response
• In Animals: organised structures respond to light, sound, touch, etc.
• In Plants: growth towards or away from a stimulus e.g. light, water, fertilisers, etc.
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Learning check
What is Excretion?
• It is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism from a cell, tissue or organ
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Reproduction
• Life comes from life.• Reproduction is the ability of an organism
to produce new individuals of its own kind and pass on genetic information to the next generation.
• Necessary for the survival of the species• Offspring can be the same as or different
from parent(s)
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Methods of reproduction
• Asexual: e.g. in bacteria and protista – binary fission (simple division in two) – mitosis
• Sexual: e.g. in plants and animals – involves two parents and the production of male and female gametes
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Learning check
• What is the purpose of reproduction?
• To produce new individuals of its own kind and pass on genetic information to the next generation.
• Reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species.
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Interactions between organisms
• There are relationships between organisms living in same habitat
• Predator-prey• Symbiosis (Mutualism & Commensalism)• Parasitism • A change in one type of organism can cause
other organisms to change– Organisms that can’t adapt fast enough might
become extinct
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Summary
• One characteristic is not enough to qualify something as being alive.
• Life involves an interaction between metabolism and continuuity
• Metabolism requires an interaction of organisation, nutrition, excretion and behaviour
• Continuity requires organisation, nutrition, behaviour and reproduction
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Need to know
Definition and identification of the "characteristics of life",
through fundamental principles and interactions of organisation
nutrition, excretion, response and reproduction.
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END