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Wetlands
1) What is a wetland?
2) What has happened to the Everglades?
3) How are temporary pond communities differentfrom communities in permanent systems?
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What is a wetland?
Habitats that are not quite terrestrial and not quite aquatic
http://www.nps.gov/ever/
stahl.ce.washington.edu/projects/ whatwedoanne.html
www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/ sermonimages.html
http://stahl.ce.washington.edu/projects/whatwedoanne.htmlhttp://www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/sermonimages.htmlhttp://www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/sermonimages.htmlhttp://www.ebibleteacher.com/images/swamp.jpghttp://stahl.ce.washington.edu/projects/whatwedoanne.html -
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cleaning of polluted waters andimproving water quality
Wetland Function
recharge groundwater supplies and moderatestream flow by providing water to streams
reduce damage caused by floods by slowing and
storing flood water
habitat for plants and animals
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What is a wetland?
Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and
aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near thesurface or the land is covered by shallow water.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or
covered by shallow water at some time during the growingseason of each year
For purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one ormore of the following three attributes (at least periodically):
1) the land supports hydrophytes
2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil
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hydrophytes plants typically found in wet habitats
hydric soil soils which are usually wet and where
there is little or no free oxygen
Purple loosestrifeLythrum salicaria
cattail
Typha sp.
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/04
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/lythraceae/lythrum/salicaria-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/warp/plants-2-English-Photolist.html&h=872&w=500&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLythrum%2Bsalicaria%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN -
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What is a wetland?
The term "wetland" means those areas that areinundated or saturated by surface water or ground
water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support,and that under normal circumstances do support, aprevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in
saturated conditions. Wetlands generally includeswamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
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Why care about these formal definitions?
Arent wetlands just a nuisance anyway?
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http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/wetloss/fig_3_4.htm
California has lostthe largestpercentage oforiginal wetlands(91%)
Florida has lostthe most acreage(9.3 million acres)
In Illinois, manycounties have lost90%-99% of theirwetlands
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http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/wetloss/figure5.htm
Extent and location of artificially drained agricultural landin the US, 1985
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cleaning of polluted waters andimproving water quality
Wetland Function
recharge groundwater supplies and moderatestream flow by providing water to streams
reduce damage caused by floods by slowing and
storing flood water
habitat for plants and animals
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Major causes of wetland loss and degradation
Draining, dredging and filling
Dams and levees
Logging, mining and construction
Runoff, pollutants, exotic species
Erosion, sea level rise, hurricanes
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Swamp any wetland dominated by woody plants
www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/ sermonimages.html
isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/ cms/caricomp/
www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/ bawwg/case/ohphoto1.html
http://www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/sermonimages.htmlhttp://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/cms/caricomp/http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/bawwg/case/ohphoto1.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/bawwg/case/ohphoto1.htmlhttp://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/cms/caricomp/http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/cms/caricomp/mangrove_swamp.gifhttp://www.ebibleteacher.com/imagehtml/sermonimages.htmlhttp://www.ebibleteacher.com/images/swamp.jpg -
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Bog characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters,and a floor covered by sphagnum moss.
www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/ types/bog.html
Bogs receive all or most of their water from precipitationrather than from runoff, groundwater or streams.
Northern pitcher plant
Sarracenia purpureaEastern mud salamander (Pseudotritonmontanus) on sphagnummoss
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Fen peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrientsfrom sources other than precipitation
Fens differ from bogs because they are less acidic and havehigher nutrient levels
They can support a much more diverse community
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/fen.html
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Marsh frequently or continually inundated with water,characterized by emergent soft-stemmed vegetationadapted to saturated soil conditions
Tidal Marshesstahl.ce.washington.edu/projects/ whatwedoanne.html
Salt Marsh
Cordgrass Spartina
N id l h
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Non-tidal marshes
Wet meadows
www.wetland.org/kids/ wetlands.htm
Prairie potholes
Playas
Vernal pools
http://www.vernalpool.org/vpinfo_1.htmwww.consbio.umn.edu/ CB_Program/Wahl.htm
Th E l d
http://www.wetland.org/kids/wetlands.htmhttp://www.consbio.umn.edu/CB_Program/Wahl.htmhttp://www.consbio.umn.edu/CB_Program/Wahl.htmhttp://www.wetland.org/kids/wetlands.htm -
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The Everglades
River of grass was once 160 km long, 80 kmwide, < 1 m deep
Draining began in the 1880s
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec04/everglades_11-25.html#
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Temporary ponds (vernal pools) support a unique aquaticcommunity
http://www.vernalpool.org/vpinfo_1.htm
Often fishless
Big zooplankton
Big benthic invertebrates
Amphibians
F i Sh i T d l h i
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www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/ artjul00/dwtriops.html
mailbox.univie.ac.at/ ~edere6/UZK/
Fairy Shrimp Tadpole shrimp
Clam shrimp All these species makedormant eggs to survive duringthe dry period.
www.sacsplash.org/mather/ lessons/lesson3c.htm
So do the other temporaryponds zooplankton like
Daphnia, copepods and othercladocera
I t ft j d t i t d
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjul00/dwtriops.htmlhttp://mailbox.univie.ac.at/~edere6/UZK/http://www.sacsplash.org/mather/lessons/lesson3c.htmhttp://www.sacsplash.org/mather/lessons/lesson3c.htmhttp://mailbox.univie.ac.at/~edere6/UZK/http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjul00/dwtriops.htmlhttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjul00/dwtriops.htmlhttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjul00/dwtriops.html -
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Insects are often major predators in temporary ponds
Notonecta--backswimmer Dyticid beetle larva
Dragonflies
Some insects get throughthe dry phase in dormancy,other just fly away and re-colonize the pond once itrefills
www.biol.lu.se/funkmorf/ vision/dan/prey.html
http://www.fhsu.edu/biology/thomasson/AquaticInsects/HerlOdonata/Herl.htm
M hibi b d i t d
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Many amphibians breed in temporary ponds
American ToadBufo americanus
users.erols.com/reptiles/ amphibia.htm
Spring peeperPseudacris crucifer
Chorus frogPseudacris triseriata
http://www.nwf.org/frogwatchUSA/frogs_state.cfm
C t t k
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psecrub.htmhttp://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psecrub.htmhttp://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psetrib.htmhttp://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psecrub.htmhttp://users.erols.com/reptiles/amphibia.htm -
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Concepts to know
What are the major characteristics of wetlands?What are the different types of wetlands?What ecosystem services do wetlands provide?Are federal, state and local laws adequate to
protect wetlands?How have humans altered the habitat of theEverglades?What are the consequences?
Why are the communities of temporary pondsdifferent that those of permanent systems?