14th Workshop of the IEA Implementing Agreement on RFP Research
Padova, 26-28 April, 2010
Wandong LiuSchool of Physical Sciences, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
Fusion Research in China and at USTC
Outline
Fusion program in China
– Focus on tokamak research
Plasma physics and fusion research at the
University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)
– The role of USTC in fusion program in China
The past and possible future RFP program in
China
Outline
Fusion program in China
– Focus on tokamak research
Plasma physics and fusion research at the
University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)
– The role of USTC in fusion program in China
The past and possible future RFP program in
China
Fusion program in China
Diversity during the early days (starting
from 1958):
– Z pinch, Ө pinch, FRC, reversed field pinch
– focus, mirror device
– stellarator
– tokamak
An early stellarator in China
Stellarator “LinYun”: designed in1965, capacitor bank energy: 800kJ plus ICRF heatingStellarator “LinYun”: designed in1965, capacitor bank energy: 800kJ plus ICRF heating
Tokamaks in China
Past decades:
– Tokamaks: CT-6, HL-1, HL-2, HT-6, KT-5
Today:
– Tokamaks in institutes: EAST, HT-7, HL-2A
– Tokamak in universities : J-TEXT, Sunist (ST)
The tradition of diversified fusion research has been lost!
The tradition of diversified fusion research has been lost!
Tokamaks in China
SouthWestern Institute of PhysicsHL-2A at SWIP
Huazhong University of Science & TechJoint-TEXT at HUST
Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences
EAST & HT-7 at ASIPP
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
Qinghua University ST: SUNIST
HT-7 superconducting tokamak ( ASIPP)
R = 1.22m, a = 0.27m
Ip = 100~250 kA (250)
BT = 1~2.5T(2.5)
ne = 1~8x1019m-3 (6.5)
Te = 1~5 KeV (4)
Ti = 0.2~1.5K eV (1.5)
ICRF:
f = 15~30MHz, P = 0.3MW(0.35)
f = 30~110MHz, P = 1.5MW (0.6)
LHCD:
f = 2.45GHz, P = 1.2MW(0.8)
Pellet injector
Supersonic beam injection
Main Goal: Advanced Steady-state operation and related physics
EAST full superconducting tokamak ( ASIPP)
HL-2A Tokamak ( SWIP )
HL-2A HL-2M
Ip kA 450 1200
BT T 2.8 2.57
R0 m 1.65 1.80
a m 0.4 0.50
Flux Swing V·S 5.0 10.0
Kx 1.2 1.6~1.8
δx 0.1 ≥0.5
Upgrade of HL-2A:Upgrade of HL-2A:HL-2M TokamakHL-2M Tokamak
J-TEXT Tokamak ( HUST )
J-TEXT
Ip kA 400
BT T 3
R0 m 1.05
a m 0.27
Pulse length Sec 0.5
Averaged
Density
m-3 2 ~5x1019m-3
Averaged Te keV 1.0
Former TEXT in AustinFocus on training fusion engineers
Outline
Fusion program in China
– Focus on tokamak research
Plasma physics and fusion research at the
USTC
– The role of USTC in fusion program in China
The past and possible future RFP program in
China
University of Science and Technology of China
USTC was established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing in 1958, and moved to Hefei, Anhui in 1970.
USTC is aimed at providing the country and the rest of world with high level scientists and engineers.
Enrollment to USTC is extremely selective, for only top 3-5 ‰ of the high school graduates in China are admitted.
70% of the undergraduates continue to pursue post-graduate study home and abroad every year.
Over 10,000 alumni are working or studying outside China, mostly in northern America. Year 2008
750, 40%
497, 27%
619, 33% graduate study
inside China
graduate studyoutside China
others
Key Figure & Fact of USTC
1350 academic staff, including 463 full professors, 30 academicians of CAS and/or CAE.
16000 students, including 7400 undergraduates, 8200 graduate students (2400 PhD ).
“Time Higher Education Supplement” ranked USTC the 3rd place in China in 2008
1350 academic staff, including 463 full professors, 30 academicians of CAS and/or CAE.
16000 students, including 7400 undergraduates, 8200 graduate students (2400 PhD ).
“Time Higher Education Supplement” ranked USTC the 3rd place in China in 2008
Schools
Mathematics
Physical Sciences
Life Science
Information Science & Tech.
Humanities & Social Science
Gifted Young
Chemistry & Material Science
Engineering Science
Earth & Space Science
Management
Nuclear Science & Tech
Computer Science & Tech.
School of Physical Sciences
Department LaboratoryDiscipline
CAS Key Lab of Quantum InformationCAS Key Lab of Quantum Information
CAS Key Lab of Basic Plasma PhysicsCAS Key Lab of Basic Plasma Physics
CAS Key Lab of Nucl Det. & ElectronicsCAS Key Lab of Nucl Det. & Electronics
PKL Physical Electronics LaboratoryPKL Physical Electronics Laboratory
NC for Phys Experiment Teaching NC for Phys Experiment Teaching
PKL The Photo-Electro Laboratory PKL The Photo-Electro Laboratory
CAS Key Lab of Galaxies and CosmologyCAS Key Lab of Galaxies and Cosmology
NL Physical Science at Microscale NL Physical Science at Microscale
NL Synchrotron RadiationNL Synchrotron Radiation
Dept. PhysDept. Phys
Dept Modern PhysDept Modern Phys
Dept Optics & OEDept Optics & OE
Dept. AstronomyDept. Astronomy
C Phys Ex Teaching C Phys Ex Teaching
Atom & Mole Phys Atom & Mole Phys
Theoretical PhysTheoretical Phys
Particle & Nuclear PhysParticle & Nuclear Phys
Plasma PhysicsPlasma Physics
Optical EngineeringOptical Engineering
Physical ElectronicsPhysical Electronics
OpticsOptics
Condense Matter PhysCondense Matter Phys
Micro-ElectronicsMicro-Electronics
astrophysicsastrophysics
Physics Research Situation in USTC (1999-2009, ESI)
Type Range to compare Rank of USTC
Published
Papers
All institutions 24
All universities 13
Chinese universities 1
Total
Citations
All institutions 92
All universities 63
Chinese universities 1
Citation per
paper
All institutions 582
All universities 428
Chinese universities 1
Plasma research at USTC
Plasma division in USTC– Founded in 1972– Has the most comprehensive subjects in China
CAS key Laboratory of Basic Plasma Physics– 31 faculty membersFusion plasma physics
Diagnostic & Experimental & Theoretical & Simulation researchMagnetic confinement fusion (12 members)Inertial confinement fusion (7 members)
Space plasma physics (10 members)Data analysis & Theory & Simulation
Low temperature plasma and its application (8 members)Fundamental plasma research & plasma application
Facilities of Plasma research in USTC
KT-5 Tokamak Linear Magnetized Device
Double Plasma Device Collisional Plasma Device
R=30cma=8cmIp=15kABt~3kGt~2ms
L = 200cmD = 25cmBt ~ 1kG108~1013cm-3
Plasma is produced via high energy electron beam in high pressure.
Dusty plasmaIon acoustic waveNonlinear phenomena
Main research activities
Diagnostic Techniques for Tokamak Plasma
– Laser
• HCN interfemeter, CO2 coherent scattering, CO2 phase
contrast, Thomson scattering…
– Microwave
• Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging at EAST and HT-7
• Doppler reflectometer at EAST and HT-7
– Electrostatic probe at HT-7, EAST and HL-2A
• Zonal flow research in edge plasma
Zonal flow research in the edge plasma of HL-2A
• The mode numbers are estimated to be .1 1m n and
#8297#8530
Poloidal and Toroidal Symmetries
Liu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 095002 (2009)
Probe Arrays Configuration
2000 2500 3000-0.06-0.04-0.02
00.020.04
2660 2680 2700 2720 2740 2760 2780 2800 2820 2840-0.1
0
0.1
t (s)
Te/
Te
1 23 4 56 7 8
1
r (cm)
Z (c
m)
8 10-10
-5
0
5
10
2
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
3
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
104
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
5
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
6
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
107
r (cm)8 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
8
r (cm)
8 10-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
Low-field side (Ip=170kA, ne=2.4, Bt=1.9T, qa=3.3)
2D visualization of sawtooth reconnection
Sawtooth research via ECEI in HT-7 & EAST
ECEI system in HT-7 Sigal noise ratio ≥20 dBData Acqusition: 128Ch*1M/s
1
ECEI spatial resolution
about 3 5 ~ 2 1
~ 1r
k d cm
d cm
2004 Plasma Sci. Technol. 6 21662006 Plasma Science Technol. 8 762009 Chin. Phys. B, 18, 1153 2010 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion,52,015008
Plasma research activities on campus
• Fundamental plasma research in small deviceKT-5 Tokamak
• Ion Bernstein Wave, Turbulence, Coherent structure, Biased electrode, shear flow induced by RF…
Linear magnetized device• Drift turbulence, Zonal flow, Coherent structure, Source technology…
• Magnetic reconnection experiment
x(cm)
y(cm
)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x(cm)
y(cm
)
-5 0 5-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10-3
Theoretical Studies of Fusion Plasmas
Instability criterion of tearing modes for arbitrary magnetic shear configuration, Ding Li, Phys. Plasmas, 1998, 5, 1231
Finite bootstrap current density and finite neo-classical reduction of electrical conductivity at the magnetic axis of a tokamak, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 5, 3319 (1998)
Non-local relaxation of neoclassical ions in tokamaks, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1393 (1999)
New Coulomb logarithm and its effects to Fokker-Planck equation, relaxation times and cross-field transport in fusion plasma, Ding Li, Nucl. Fusion, 2001, 41, (5), 631
Destabilization of Internal Kink Modes at High Frequency by Energetic Circulating Ions, S. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5286 (2001)
Effects of Circulating Energetic Ions on Sawtooth Oscillations, S. Wang, T. Ozeki, and K. Tobita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 105004 (2002)
Outline
Fusion program in China
– Focus on tokamak research
Plasma physics and fusion research at the
University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC)
– The role of USTC in fusion program in China
The past and possible future RFP program
in China
The former RFP research in China
Construction from 1985 running from 1989Shutdown in 1997
R=0.48m, a=0.1mair core
Al shell: d=1cmstainless steel liner: d=0.4mm
plasma pulse < 2ms, Ip~150kA(max)Te~100eV
The first RFP device in China :SWIP-RFP
Time evolution in SWIP-RFP
The former RFP research in China
Why re-start RFP project in China?
Toroidal alternate research is
essential for fusion program in
China!
Motivation
Diversity is part of the nature, so is fusion
research.
– Ancient Chinese philosophy “Let a hundred
schools of thought contend” (BC 770)
Improve the understanding of toroidal
confinement in general
Test bed for diagnostics development
Why in USTC
Favorable geographic location: close to EAST, ASIPP
(15km)
Training of fusion talents is the priority of university
Human resource advantage: USTC has strong research
teams in both fusion and space plasma research
The richness of the RFP physics fits the need of USTC
The possible parameters of USTC-RFP
Major radius: 1.6 m
Minor radius: 0.35 m
Chamber thickness (Al): 3 cm
Plasma current: 0.1 ~ 1 MA
Plasma Pulse: 10 ~ 30 ms
Loop Voltage: 10 ~ 50 V
Plasma inductance: ~ 4 μH
Poloidal flux: 5 V٠S
Electron temperature: 600 ~ 800 eV
Plasma density (1 ~ 2) x 1019 m-3
Cartoon of USTC-RFP
Ohm Heating Coilcenter group
Ohm Heating CoilEdge group
Aluminum Chamber
Iron Core Air Core
Possible research subjects
Single helical state
Dynamo (in collaboration with space plasma physicists)
Reconnection in RFP (sawtooth)
Wall condition: Lithium (Limiter)
Resistive wall mode
Plasma shape control, divertor (?)
Open for suggestions
Possible Location of USTC-RFP
FloorPlan
Thanks, and Welcome to USTC!