Download - 16 zoonoses pathogens
![Page 1: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Zoonoses pathogens
![Page 2: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A zoonosis or zoonose is any infectious disease that can
be transmitted between species (in some instances, by a
vector) from animals to humans or from humans to animals
(the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis or
anthroponosis). In a study of 1415 pathogens known to affect
humans, 61% were zoonotic .
OverviewZoonosis
![Page 3: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
History
Interactions between animals and humans have occurred since the beginning of time.
As animals became domesticated and a close bonds developed between animals and humans, the occurrence of zoonotic diseases increased.
![Page 4: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Significant Zoonitic Pandemics
1700s, Mongols invaded Europe Mongols carried plague with them This lead to “black death” or
plague pandemicKilled 1/3 of European population
![Page 5: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Significant Zoonitic Pandemics
Early 1900’s “Spanish flu” transmitted from pigs to humans
Decimated 20 million people worldwide
Continues to pose a threat to humans
![Page 6: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Today’s threat involving zoonotic diseases is considered to be partly due to human involvement in which the artificial multiplication of these pathogens can be used as biological terrorism.
Contemporary Threats
![Page 7: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PrevalenceLargely UnknownBoth serological studies and anecdotal discuss
ion have been used to generate estimates1997 a study trying to assess the prevalence o
f antibodies against Bartonella henselae and B. quintana was done at a veterinary conference. The results indicated that 7.1% of the veterinary population had antibodies which was no different from the general population studies at an earlier time.
![Page 8: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of Pathogens Viruses Bacteria Fungi Others
Rickettsia Protozoa Parasites
Always assume every animal is
shedding pathogens
![Page 9: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How Diseases SpreadFecal-oral
Fecal contamination is not always obvious
Many pathogens may survive for long periods of time in the environment.
Parvovirus ringworm and some worm eggs can survive for years
![Page 10: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Diseases SpreadBy air (aerosol
)Upper respirat
ory infection (URI-cats)
Kennel ( Kennel ) cough (dogs)
![Page 11: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How Diseases SpreadAnimal bites or sali
vaFeline leukemiaFIV ( Feline Immun
odeficiency Virus )RabiesBacteria that can ca
use bite wound abscesses
![Page 12: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How Diseases SpreadThrough direct contactRingwormScabies Ear
mitesHookworm
larvae
![Page 13: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How Diseases Spread By insect “vectors”
Mosquitoes spread heartworms and encephalitis Fleas spread tapeworms, cat scratch fever,
plague, typhus, etc. Ticks spread Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever, and more Vectors must be controlled in the shelter
Eliminate standing water (mosquitos) Treat fleas on animals and in environment Keep grass cut to limit ticks
![Page 14: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How Diseases SpreadBy infected objects (fomites)
Ringworm spread by spores on pet hair
Cage walls, toys, and bedding Peoples’ hands – including staff!
![Page 15: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
12 Tips to Help You Avoid Zoonotic Diseases Stay current on appropriate vaccinations
(tetanus, rabies) Wash hands frequently with antibacterial soap
before eating or smoking After handling each animal or cage
Wear long pants and sturdy shoes or boots Use gloves Wear safety glasses and mask when spray
cleaning Disinfect scratches and bite wounds thoroughly,
then cover them.
![Page 16: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
12 Tips to Help You Avoid Zoonotic Diseases Don’t allow animals to lick your face or any
open wounds Learn safe & humane animal-handling
techniques, and user proper equipment Seek assistance when handling questionable
animals Report any bites or injuries to supervisor Tell your physician where you work Consider other work if you are
immunosuppressed.
![Page 17: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
※ Bacillus anthracis ( 炭疽芽孢杆菌 )
※ Yersinia pestis ( 鼠疫耶尔森氏杆菌 )
※ Brucella ( 布鲁氏菌 )
※ Francisella ( 弗朗西斯氏菌属 )
※ Coxiella ( 考克斯氏体属 )
※ Bartonella ( 巴尔通氏体属 )
……※
Common zoonoses pathogens
![Page 18: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis
Robert Koch’s original micrograhps of the anthrax bacillus
![Page 19: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
※ Large (1 - 3 µm in width × 5 – 10 µm
in length), G+ rod with a tendency to
form very long chains.
※ Obligate aerobe
※ Glutamyl-polypeptide capsule
※ Nonmotile
※ Forms oval, centrally located
endospores and the spore remain viable
in soil for decades
Biological character
![Page 20: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2. Cultural character
On blood agar, nonhemolytic colonies characterized
by a rough, uneven surface with multiple curled extensions
at the edge resembling a “Medusahead”
Colonies of Bacillus anthracis on blood agar.
![Page 21: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mucoid colonies of Bacillus anthracis. This
culture was probably incubated at an
increased CO2 tension (5% CO2) which
greatly enhances production of the poly-D-
glutamyl capsule and accounts for the
mucoid colony type.
2. cultural character
![Page 22: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Virulence depends on Virulence depends on 2 factors2 factors
※ ※ CapsuleCapsule
※ ※ 3 toxins3 toxins
![Page 23: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CapsuleCapsule
C=Capsule; S=S-layer; P=Peptidoglycan
※ ※ Coded by pX02 plasmidCoded by pX02 plasmid
※ ※ Made up of Made up of D-glutamic acidD-glutamic acid
※ ※ Non-toxic on its ownNon-toxic on its own
※ ※ Only encapsulated Only encapsulated B. anthracisB. anthracis
virulentvirulent
※ ※ Most important role during Most important role during
establishment of diseaseestablishment of disease
△ △ Protects against phagocytosis & lysis Protects against phagocytosis & lysis
during vegetative stateduring vegetative state
![Page 24: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ToxinsToxins
※ Coded by pX01 plasmid
※ AB model
△ Binding
△ Activating
※ Protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF) & lethal
factor (LF)
△ Make up 50% of proteins in the organism
※ Heterogeneous protein complex made up of 3
components
![Page 25: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ToxinsToxins
△ Individually non-toxic
△ PA+LF lethal activity
△ EF+PA edema activity
△ EF+LF inactive
△ PA+LF+EF edema & necrosis; lethal
![Page 26: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
※ ※ Protective antigen (PA, 83kDa)Protective antigen (PA, 83kDa)
△△ PagPag gene gene
△ △ Binds to receptor & helps internalize other 2 proteinsBinds to receptor & helps internalize other 2 proteins
※ ※ Edema factor (EF, 89 kDa)Edema factor (EF, 89 kDa)
△△ CyaCya gene gene
△ △ Adenylate cyclase Adenylate cyclase
△ △ Affects all cellsAffects all cells
※ ※ Lethal factor (LF, 87 kDa)Lethal factor (LF, 87 kDa)
△ △ LefLef gene gene
△ △ More important virulence factorMore important virulence factor
△ △ Metalloprotease Metalloprotease
△ △ Cleaves mitogen activated protein kinase kinase(MAPKK)Cleaves mitogen activated protein kinase kinase(MAPKK)
△ △ Affects only macrophagesAffects only macrophages
ToxinsToxins
![Page 27: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
OutcomeOutcome ※ ※ Do not understand exactly how symptoms occurDo not understand exactly how symptoms occur
※ ※ EF converts EF converts ATP to cAMPATP to cAMP
△ △ Increases cAMP levels over 1,000 foldIncreases cAMP levels over 1,000 fold
△ △ Impairs neutrophil functionImpairs neutrophil function
△ △ Alters water homeostasisAlters water homeostasis
■ ■ EdemaEdema
![Page 28: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
OutcomeOutcome ※ ※ LF cleaves MAPKK LF cleaves MAPKK at its N terminusat its N terminus
△ △ Disrupts pathways involved in cell growth & maturationDisrupts pathways involved in cell growth & maturation
△ △ Increased synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-Increased synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-αα & &
interleukin-1interleukin-1ββ
△ △ Macrophage lysisMacrophage lysis
■ ■ Septic shock & deathSeptic shock & death
※ ※ Death probably results from high levels of bacteria secreting Death probably results from high levels of bacteria secreting
LF toxins in bloodLF toxins in blood
△ △ At death, blood contains as many as At death, blood contains as many as 101099 bacilli/ml bacilli/ml
(depending on the species)(depending on the species)
![Page 29: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Anthrax: transmissionAnthrax: transmission
※ ※ Anthrax is a major disease threat to herbivorous animals.Anthrax is a major disease threat to herbivorous animals.
※ ※ People become infected by thePeople become infected by the cutaneouscutaneous route (direct route (direct
contact with diseased animals, industrial work with hides, contact with diseased animals, industrial work with hides,
wool, brushes, or bone meal), bywool, brushes, or bone meal), by inhalationinhalation (Woolsorter's (Woolsorter's
disease), or bydisease), or by ingestioningestion (meat from diseased (meat from diseased
animals).animals).
Clinical InformationClinical Information
![Page 30: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Three forms of AnthraxThree forms of Anthrax
※※ Cutaneous Cutaneous anthraxanthrax
△ △ Skin Skin
△ △ Most commonMost common
△ △ Spores enter to skin through small lesionsSpores enter to skin through small lesions
※※ Inhalation Inhalation anthraxanthrax
△ △ Spores are inhaledSpores are inhaled
※ ※ Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal (GI)(GI) anthraxanthrax
△ △ Spores are ingestedSpores are ingested
△ △ Oral-pharyngeal and abdominalOral-pharyngeal and abdominal
![Page 31: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
肺内炭疽
肠内炭疽
脾内炭疽
![Page 36: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosis of anthraxLaboratory diagnosis of anthrax
※ ※ Gram stainGram stain
※ ※ Culture of Culture of B. anthracisB. anthracis from the blood, skin lesions, from the blood, skin lesions,
vesicular fluid, or respiratory secretionsvesicular fluid, or respiratory secretions
※ ※ Rapid detection methodsRapid detection methods
△ △ PCR for detection of nucleic acidPCR for detection of nucleic acid
△ △ ELISA assay for antigen detectionELISA assay for antigen detection
△ △ Other immunohistochemical and immunoflourescence Other immunohistochemical and immunoflourescence
examinationsexaminations
![Page 37: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis in Gram stain in Gram stain
Gram Stain AnalysisGram Stain Analysis
△ △ Useful for cutaneous and inhalation Useful for cutaneous and inhalation
anthrax.anthrax.
△ △ A blood sample or skin lesion is A blood sample or skin lesion is
taken from the patient and cultured taken from the patient and cultured
for for 6 to 24 hours6 to 24 hours. .
△ △ Identify whether the bacteria come Identify whether the bacteria come
from the anthrax category.from the anthrax category.
![Page 38: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Treatment of anthraxTreatment of anthrax
※ ※ antibiotics antibiotics
※ ※ Antibody to the toxin complex is neutralizing and Antibody to the toxin complex is neutralizing and
protectiveprotective
![Page 39: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Binding of a Neutralizing Antibody to the Protective Antigen Subunit of the B. anthracis toxin
Neutralizing Antibodies to B. anthrax toxin
![Page 40: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Defense: Protection Against AnthraxDefense: Protection Against Anthrax
※ ※ VaccinationVaccination
Very Effective: 2 dose efficacy against monkeys Very Effective: 2 dose efficacy against monkeys
(human response believed to be very similar)(human response believed to be very similar)
※ ※ Early DetectionEarly Detection
Extremely important: eliminate much of danger.Extremely important: eliminate much of danger.
Time lag between exposure and symptoms is primary Time lag between exposure and symptoms is primary
reason for the high mortality rate experienced with reason for the high mortality rate experienced with
anthrax infectionsanthrax infections
![Page 41: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
※ ※ Contaminated animal, carcass or hide should be burned.Contaminated animal, carcass or hide should be burned.
※ ※ Pre/Post Exposure Antibiotic TreatmentPre/Post Exposure Antibiotic Treatment
※ ※ Decontamination of Exposed AreasDecontamination of Exposed Areas
※ ※ Use of Protective Clothing & EquipmentUse of Protective Clothing & Equipment
Defense: Protection Against AnthraxDefense: Protection Against Anthrax
![Page 42: 16 zoonoses pathogens](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/55d16f7ebb61eb1c718b4618/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exercises:1.Briefly describle the three forms of Anthrax?1.Briefly describle the three forms of Anthrax?
2.Briefly describle the mechanism of anthrax toxi2.Briefly describle the mechanism of anthrax toxinn