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About H.265/HEVC.
Things you should know about the new encoding
17 October 2014
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> Axis wants to see appropriate performance improvement in the H.265
technology before start rolling it out broader in the product portfolio
> H.264 and H.265 will co-exist many years
> Our initial H.265 products are high-end products
> Low-light situations and increasing resolutions are the main bandwidth
challenges
> Axis will continue to work on other noise reduction methods and bit rate
reduction in parallel with investigating new video coding
Axis view on H.265/HEVC
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> UHD-TV viewers put pressure on global network bandwidth
> For television viewing, buffering and latency are no issues, when it
comes to HDTV, we are used to accept strange artifacts in TV
transmissions
> Optimal light conditions in TV production, low impact of noise or gain
> Computational complexity is not any issue for powerful servers
Broadcast industry drives the H.265 encoding
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H.265
Marketing Message
(not Axis‘)
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Some Questions in this context:
Do you…
… believe in everything you read?
… think it will come for free?
… trust in our expertise to explain this a little
bit more in detail?
As always, the reality is sligthly different.
50% more efficient video encoding
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Comparison table
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Comparison h.264 – h.265
Tool H.264 H.265 / HEVC
Partition size 16x16 (Macroblock) 8x8 to 64x64 (Coding unit)
Partitioning Sub block down to 4x4 Intra: Down to 4x4 (symmetric)
Inter 4x8 or 8x4 uni directional, larger symmetric/asymmetric (bi-di)
Transform Integer DCT 8x8 4x4 Square IDCT from 32x32 to 4x4 + DST Luma Intra 4x4
Intra prediction Up to 9 predictors 35 predictors
Motion prediction Spatial Median (3
blocks) Advanced Motion Vector Prediction spatial + temporal
Motion-copy
mode Direct Mode Merge Mode
Motion precision ½ Pixel 6-tap
¼ Pixel bi-linear
¼ Pixel 7 or 8 tap Luma
1/8 Pixel 4-tap chroma
Entropy coding CABAC or CAVLC CABAC (with parallel operations)
Filters Deblocking Filter Deblocking Filter & Sample Adaptive Offset
Multi core tools Slices Wavefron Parallel processing, tiles, slices
Scalability tools Through extensions Temporal scalability included (others under discussion)
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50% more efficiency…
How to achieve this?
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The measurements have been done with
- Noise free
- High framerate
- High resolution
Video broadcast material,
encoded by software on a powerful server.
How to get 50% more efficiency
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Challenge No. 1
Noise
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… is hardly possible with security cameras today
- 24/7 video surveillance
- Illumination not perfect
- Single sensor cameras with smaller sensors
- Low light for a camera starts way before it
gets really dark
Noise free video
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> The more noise you have, the less efficient
compression can be
> In a worst case scenario the compression
efficiency of h.26x and MJPEG are similar
Noise reduces compression efficiency
noise
efficiency
h265 h264
MJPEG
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We cannot expect noise-free video…
Problem No. 1
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Challenge No. 2
High Framerate
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> 60 Fps are possible already today in the
security industry
> Most applications use max. 25/30 Fps
– live view only
> Recording is done with 5-15 Fps in most
installations
High framerate
Wikipedia.org
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> h.264 and h.265 benefit from high framerate
when it comes to efficiency
> The lower the framerate the less efficient they
work
> Relation between framerate and consumed
bandwidth in MJPEG is almost linear
> For h.26x is is slightly different
Relevance of high framerates
MJPEG
fps
bandwidth
h26x
fps
bandwidth
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We cannot expect very high framerates…
Problem No. 2
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Challenge No. 3
High Resolution
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> 4K Ultra HD resolution is today the most
common really highres material in the
broadcasting industry
> Our industry uses max. 1080p for live view
– 2x2 split 960x540
– 4x4 split 480x270
> The recording is typically done with the highest
possible resolution
– But at a lower framerate
High resolution
1080p
960x450
480x270
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> Why is compression more efficient on higher
resolutions?
> Quite complex topic. To make it simple:
The probability to find larger areas to compress
is higher than in low res material
> The reality is way more complex of course
High resolution
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We cannot always expect to use the highest resolution…
Problem No. 3
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Challenge No. 4+5
Encoding
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> Software encoding for broadcasting is
calculated on powerful high-end computers
> Realtime is not a requirement in the
broadcasting industry
– Opportunity to buffer
– Usage of all different methods etc.
> Hardware realtime encoders typically cover only
a subset of all possible functions due to limited
resources
Software encoding
Pixabay, nemo
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We cannot expect endless time
and processing power…
Problem No. 4+5
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Challenge No. 6
Decoding
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> h.265 will require higher decoding performance
over h.264. Just like we experienced 5 years
ago when h.264 was introduced for surveillence
cameras.
> Especially relevant for live monitoring
> Ratio between increased compression efficiency
and higher investment for decoding hardware is
today not really optimal
Decoding
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We cannot expect powerfull decoding hardware
Problem No. 6
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Summary
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> Video surveillance is done in live environments
– Low light is requiring gain in the camera, this introduces noise in the image
– Noise decreases the efficiency of every compression
> Video surveillance framerate is often 5-15 fps or less
– The bigger the differences between each frame are, the less efficient is the advanced compression
> Surveillance video uses small resolutions, up to 1080p
– Blocks of similar areas are small and benefit of managing large and dynamic encoding blocks is limited
> Surveillance is real time video
– The computing power of a surveillance camera is limited
– Buffering and complex calculations introduce latency and other negative aspects
> Surveillance applications decode the video
– New and more powerful decoders are needed on the client side
Summary
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> H.265/HEVC is the future
> It will take a while until the whole ecosystem is ready for it
> Noise reduction technology and bit rate control improvements will support the transition
> H.264 and h.264/HEVC will coexist for several years
> H.264 technology can still be improved
> Decoding hardware will get more powerful over time
> Optimistic marketing messages will continue to confuse the customers, as always, so be prepared
Future outlook
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Expected efficiency?
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But definitly not 50% !
We are planning to spend more time educating our
partners how to manage bandwidth and how to
counter dubious calculations.
Bandwidth calculation will stay a very complex
topic in large projects.
Impossible to predict