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18.3 GMO, GMF & Cloning
p.621-632
Read it!!! It Helps!!!!
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GMO, GMF
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – an organism that has its
genome altered or changed in some way.
Genetically modified food (GMFs) - food sources that have its
genome altered in some way.
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Examples 1) Corn (GMF)→ over ½ of the corn produced today contains
recombinant DNA → for example, herbicide-resistant corn can be
sprayed with herbicide and not be harmed.2) insulin-producing bacteria (GMO)
→ in the past, insulin was only available from animal sources. Now, it can be produced by bacteria→ the gene for producing insulin is inserted into a bacterial vector, copied, and used to produce a lot of insulin
3) Rice (GMF)→ a new strain of genetically modified rice called golden rice contains more beta carotene and iron than in regular rice
4) bacteria and pollution (GMO)→ some strains of bacteria can be modified to consume PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls). These compounds are highly toxic and can build up in the food chain→ other special strains of bacteria can consume oil; can be used to clean up oil spills
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Risks associated with GMOs and GMFs p. 625-627
1) Environmental threats→ some studies suggest that if herbicide-resistant plants are used, farmers will used more herbicide. The extra herbicide can leech out into water supplies→ risk of herbicide-resistant plants could cross-breed with weeds, producing “superweeds”
2) Health effects→ people concerned about long term health effects because no long term studies done
3) Social and economic issues→ people fear that since GMFs come from private companies, they would start to have control over the world food supply
4)artificial selection – human selection of particular traits (ex. Faster horses, disease-resistant plants, breeding of dogs, etc.)
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Cloning p. 629
Clones – identical copy of an organism or a part of an organism
(see fig 18.22, p. 629)
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Benefits of cloning:
1. speed of reproduction – occurs quickly2. elimination of disease
Risks:1. manipulation of treats2. reducing genetic variability3. embryo use and destruction4. loss of individuality
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Risks of cloning:
1. manipulation of traits2. reducing genetic variability3. embryo use and destruction4. loss of individuality