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Schedule of lectures# Title MTY #
1 Mechanical properties of materials, structure of materials 1, 2
2 Crystal structure, lattice defects 3
3 Solid solutions, thermodynamics and binary diagrams 4
4 Steel and cast iron, quenching, tempering, annealing 5
5 Fe-C diagram, special steels and alloys. Non-ferrous metals 6, 7
6 Polymers, structure, processing, mechanical properties 8, 9
7 Composites - properties, advantages, synergies, fibers and matrix 11, 12
8 Degradation of materials, nondestructive testing 13
There is only 7 lectures left before Xmas holiday, we need at least one more!Proposal some odd-week Wednesday from 15:00 to 16:30 at F008.Odd - week Wednesdays till end of this year:Nov. 7th, Nov. 21st, Dec. 5th, Dec. 19th
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Informations & presentations
• http://mech.fd.cvut.cz/education/bachelor/18mty-en
• (do not exist yet, will be on-line next week)
• Syllabus
• Presentations
• …
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W. Callister: Materials science and engineering. An introduction
libgen.io
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Properties of materials
Bonds Structure Defects Properties
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Basic schematics of Materials Science and Engineering
Structure
PropertiesProcessing
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Investigation of material properties
Input OBJECT effect
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A possible response of material to loading
A A2*A
𝜀 =Δl
𝑙
Ϭ=𝐺
𝐴
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List of fundamental notions and terms• Relative elongation, true deformation, transversal
deformation, Poisson ratio
• Deformation elastic (reversible) a plastic (permanent)
• Force and stress, tension and compression, shear and torsion
• Elasticity, Hooke law
• Young’s modul of elasticity, stiffness vs. compliance, rigid body
• Strength, ultimate strength, yield point
• Hardness vs. softness
• Toughness vs. fragility
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Why we need material tests?
Study of material properties
Material tests
Design and strength calculation
(Material parameters)
Production quality control
(improving material’s quality, analysis of failures)
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Universal testing machine
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Tensile testductilefragile
𝑙0 = 𝑆0 ∗ 5.6
5.6 ≈ 5 ∗4
𝜋
forc
e
elongation elongation
forc
e
forc
e
forc
e
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3Phase 4
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Tensile test – cont.
A…elongation (= eu)
E, Rm, A
Stress – strain curve Compression
Tensionsteel
Cast iron
Metallic foam
High strength steel
Mild steel
Alluminiumalloy
Copper alloyMagnesium alloy
Cast iron
Stress [MPa]
Strain [1]
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Hardness
2.5 gold
5 toothenamel
4.5-5 nail
Engineeringmaterials
Hardness of Au alloys
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Hardness tests
Vickers
Rm3*HB
𝐻𝐵 =𝐹
𝜋∙𝐷
2(𝐷− 𝐷2−𝑑2
, F[kp], d[mm2]
Rockwell hardness test. Indentation by cone
Brinnel hardness test. Indentation by sphere
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Impact tests
Charpy hammer
Notches U a V Potential energydifference
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Atoms and atomic bonds
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Materials are hierarchical structures
Shape
Polycrystalline structure
Lattice defects
Atomic bonds
Bonds Structure Defects Properties
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Size of atom
=: :
Mp=2000 * Me
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Bonding potential
Tm~E0
Young’s modulus
1
E
Cohesive force
r
F F
Equilibrium distance
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Electronegativity of elements
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Interatomic bonds - ionic
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Interatomic bonds - covalent
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Interatomic bonds – metallic
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Implication of bond type to toughness/fragility of materials
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Molecular bonds – hydrogen bonds
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Molecular bonds – van der Waals forces
graphite
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Material classes - summaryProperty Ceramics Metals Polymers
Hardness High Medium-high Low
Stiffness (Young’smodulus of elasticity)
high Medium-high low
Strength High, but brittle High and ductile Low strength, high ductility
Thermal expansion Low High High
Ductility Low High High
Wear resistance High Low-medium Low
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Metals Ceramics and glass Polymers
Good conductors ofelectricity and heat
Electrical and thermal insulators(at the same timesemiconductors and superconductors)
Electrical and thermal insulators
Strong and ductile Hard, fragile, non-ductile Soft, low strength, highly deformable
Nontransparent Some transparent Some transparent
Prone to corrosion damage Corrosion resistant, resistant against aggresive chemical compounds
Corrosion resistant
High density Medium density Low density
Iron, steel, Cu, Al, brass SiC, WC, Al2O3, NaCl,… Polymers, rubbers, …
Material classes - summary